The number and percentage of missing values.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the associations of carbohydrate to dietary fiber ratio with bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study retrieved the data of 2829 postmenopausal women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Weighted univariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the correlations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with osteoporosis.ResultsHigher dietary fiber intake was correlated with decreased odds ratio of osteoporosis [odds ratio(OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93 to 0.99]. The odds ratio of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was elevated as the increase of carbohydrate to fiber ratio (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.10 to 2.96). Carbohydrate to fiber ratio >17.09 was related to increased odds ratio of osteoporosis (OR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.04 to 2.56). Compared to the carbohydrate to fiber ratio ≤11.59 group, carbohydrate to fiber ratio >17.09 was associated with decreased total femur BMD (β = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.028 to -0.001) and femur neck BMD (β = -0.020, 95%CI: -0.033 to -0.006) in postmenopausal women. The femur neck BMD in postmenopausal women was decreased with the increase of carbohydrate to fiber ratio (β = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.028 to -0.001).ConclusionIn postmenopausal women, a high carbohydrate/fiber ratio >17.09 is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and lower hip BMD and high fiber intake is associated with less osteoporosis and higher hip BMD.</div

Comparisons of characteristics of postmenopausal women with or without osteoporosis (T score <-2.5).

Comparisons of characteristics of postmenopausal women with or without osteoporosis (T score <-2.5).</p

Subgroup analysis of associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with osteoporosis (T score <-2.5), and with hip BMD, respectively.

Subgroup analysis of associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with osteoporosis (T score <-2.5), and with hip BMD, respectively.</p

Mean reaction latency as a function of name type and name font size (study 3).

<p>Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.</p

Associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with hip BMD in postmenopausal women.

Associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with hip BMD in postmenopausal women.</p

The weighted univariable logistic regression screening potential covariates.

The weighted univariable logistic regression screening potential covariates.</p

Mean reaction latency as a function of facial gender and position (study 1).

<p>Error bars Indicate standard error of the mean.</p

Sensitivity analysis of the data before and after manipulation of the missing values.

Sensitivity analysis of the data before and after manipulation of the missing values.</p

Associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with the prevalence of osteoporosis (T score <-2.5) in postmenopausal women.

Associations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with the prevalence of osteoporosis (T score <-2.5) in postmenopausal women.</p

The screen process of the participants.

BMI: body mass index; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.</p