Global Supply Chain Drivers of Agricultural Antibiotic Emissions in China

Antibiotic pollution causes serious environmental and social issues. China is the largest antibiotic producer and user in the world, with a large share of antibiotics used in agriculture. This study quantified agricultural antibiotic emissions of mainland China in 2014 as well as critical drivers in global supply chains. Results show that China’s agriculture discharged 4131 tons of antibiotics. Critical domestic supply chain drivers are mainly located in Central China, North China, and East China. Foreign final demand contributes 9% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and leads to 5–40% of emissions in each province. Foreign primary inputs (e.g., labor and capital) contribute 5% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and lead to 2–63% of emissions in each province. Critical international drivers include the final demand of the United States and Japan for foods and textile products, as well as the primary inputs of the oil seeds sector in Brazil. The results indicate the uniqueness of supply chain drivers for antibiotic emissions compared with other emissions. Our findings reveal supply chain hotspots for multiple-perspective policy decisions to control China’s agricultural antibiotic emissions as well as for international cooperation

DataSheet_1_Transcriptome analysis reveals the proline metabolic pathway and its potential regulation TF-hub genes in salt-stressed potato.zip

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is currently the third most important food crop in the world. However, the production of potato is seriously threatened by salt stress, which often occurs in the facility cultivation environment, and the mining of salt tolerance genes in potato remains to be further studied. In this study, test-tube plantlets of DM potato were treated with 200-mM NaCl to simulate salt stress, and 15 cDNA libraries were constructed for RNA-seq analysis. A total of 8383 DEGs were identified, of which 3961 DEGs were shared among all the salt treatments, and 264 (7.15%) TF-coding genes were identified from these shared DEGs. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that most DEGs identified from the “arginine and proline metabolism” (ko00330) were enriched in the proline metabolic pathway, and their functions almost covered the whole proline metabolic process. Further analysis showed that expression levels of all the 13 structural DEGs in the pathway were significantly up-regulated and proline accumulation was also significantly increased under salt stress, and 13 TF-hub genes were discovered by WGCNA in the lightcyan and tan modules which were highly positively correlated with the proline contents. Correlation analysis revealed that the four TF-hub genes of the lightcyan module and seven structural DEGs of the proline metabolic pathway might be the potential candidate genes, especially the potential and novel regulatory gene StGLK014720. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that the key protein StGLK014720 could activate the promoters of both structural genes StAST021010 and StAST017480. In conclusion, these results lay the foundation for further study on the salt tolerance mechanism of potato, and provide a theoretical basis and new genetic resources for salt tolerance breeding of potato.</p

Global Supply Chain Drivers of Agricultural Antibiotic Emissions in China

Antibiotic pollution causes serious environmental and social issues. China is the largest antibiotic producer and user in the world, with a large share of antibiotics used in agriculture. This study quantified agricultural antibiotic emissions of mainland China in 2014 as well as critical drivers in global supply chains. Results show that China’s agriculture discharged 4131 tons of antibiotics. Critical domestic supply chain drivers are mainly located in Central China, North China, and East China. Foreign final demand contributes 9% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and leads to 5–40% of emissions in each province. Foreign primary inputs (e.g., labor and capital) contribute 5% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and lead to 2–63% of emissions in each province. Critical international drivers include the final demand of the United States and Japan for foods and textile products, as well as the primary inputs of the oil seeds sector in Brazil. The results indicate the uniqueness of supply chain drivers for antibiotic emissions compared with other emissions. Our findings reveal supply chain hotspots for multiple-perspective policy decisions to control China’s agricultural antibiotic emissions as well as for international cooperation

The frequency of center cut French fries with sugar-end defects (SE) from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines of Russet Ranger (1632-x), empty vector control and untransformed (Ranger control) Ranger Russet tubers.

<p>The frequency of center cut French fries with sugar-end defects (SE) from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines of Russet Ranger (1632-x), empty vector control and untransformed (Ranger control) Ranger Russet tubers.</p

Global Supply Chain Drivers of Agricultural Antibiotic Emissions in China

Antibiotic pollution causes serious environmental and social issues. China is the largest antibiotic producer and user in the world, with a large share of antibiotics used in agriculture. This study quantified agricultural antibiotic emissions of mainland China in 2014 as well as critical drivers in global supply chains. Results show that China’s agriculture discharged 4131 tons of antibiotics. Critical domestic supply chain drivers are mainly located in Central China, North China, and East China. Foreign final demand contributes 9% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and leads to 5–40% of emissions in each province. Foreign primary inputs (e.g., labor and capital) contribute 5% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland China and lead to 2–63% of emissions in each province. Critical international drivers include the final demand of the United States and Japan for foods and textile products, as well as the primary inputs of the oil seeds sector in Brazil. The results indicate the uniqueness of supply chain drivers for antibiotic emissions compared with other emissions. Our findings reveal supply chain hotspots for multiple-perspective policy decisions to control China’s agricultural antibiotic emissions as well as for international cooperation

Percentage of French fries with sugar-end defects varied among five lines of Ranger Russet with <i>VInv</i>-silencing, empty vector control and Ranger Russet control.

<p>Bars represent mean ± standard error of five replicate samples. Differences in means between individual lines and the Ranger Russet control are indicated as not statistically different (ns) or different at the p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**), or p<0.001 (***) level.</p

Sugar-end defect frequency was reduced in French fries prepared from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines of Ranger Russet.

<p>Sugar-end defects are apparent on nearly half of the fries from Ranger Russet (A) and empty vector (B) control tubers. No sugar-end defect fries where observed in fries from lines 1632-1 (C) and 1632-4 (D) in which the <i>VInv</i> had been silenced using RNA interference. In (A) and (B), fries with sugar-end defects are on the right and fries without sugar-end defects are on the left.</p

Expression of <i>VInv</i> in the bud end and stem end of tubers from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines of Russet Burbank (RBKx) relative to expression of <i>VInv</i> in untransformed Russet Burbank at harvest and after one, three and five months of storage.

<p>Note: ^§Asterisks indicate overall differences of least squares means between RBKx and Russet Burbank controls at the same tuber end across sampling times of harvest and one, three and five months of storage.</p><p>*, p<0.05;</p><p>**, p<0.01;</p><p>***, p<0.001.</p><p><i>VInv</i> expression was determined using <i>actin97</i> as a reference gene and results are presented as a percentage of the level in Russet Burbank controls.</p

Fried potato slices processed from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines of Russet Burbank potato had fewer sugar end defects than those processed from Russet Burbank controls.

<p>Fried strips were prepared from tubers at harvest (A) and after 1 (B), 3 (C) and 5 (D) months of storage. The numbers 1 to 6 represent tubers from Russet Burbank, RBK46, RBK1, RBK25, RBK27, and RBK22, respectively. Slices are positioned with the tuber stem end portion nearest to the bottom of each photograph.</p

Sucrose content in both ends of Russet Burbank potato tubers and in tubers from <i>VInv</i>-silencing lines (RBKx) of Russet Burbank at harvest and after one, three and five months of storage.

<p>Note: Data are means ± standard deviation of five independent tuber samples. Sucrose contents are shown as mg g⁻¹ fresh tuber weight.</p