Generation of bottle beam using low-density channel in air

Cylindrical density depressions generated by femtosecond laser pulses filamenting in air for different energy depositions is investigated numerically, by using a set of hydrodynamic equations. The evolution of density profile is calculated for different temperature elevations, the results indicate that the gas density hole is getting shallower and wider with the increasing temperature elevations. A simulation of the propagation inside low-density channel implies a new way to generate a type of bottle beam

Sequences of PCR primers.

<p>Sequences of PCR primers.</p

The cell injury in the brain was assessed by detecting the DNA fragmentation using TUNEL staining.

<p>Panel 1. It was shown that the cells have a normal structure and are light blue-stained. In the SAH group, the dystrophic and brown-stained TUNEL-positive cells are observed in the cortex. And the TUNEL-positive cells in the PDTC group are less than that in the SAH group. Panel 2. Quantification of the TUNEL staining showed that the TUNEL-positive cells are significantly increased in the SAH group compared with that in the control group. In the PDTC group, the TUNEL-positive cells are significantly decreased compared with that in the SAH group. **P<0.01 vs. control group, #P<0.05 vs. SAH group.</p

The gene expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 in the brain.

<p>The representative autoradiograms of the RT-PCR results of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1. B) Relative amount of TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1 mRNA. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1 mRNA increased after SAH and was suppressed in the PDTC group. **P<0.01 vs. control group, ##P<0.01 vs. SAH group.</p

Localization of activated NF-κB detected by immunohistochemistry.

<p>NF-κB p65 immunoactivity was mainly presented in neurons in the SAH group. Furthermore, NF-κB p65 immunoactivity mainly located in the nuclei of neurons.</p

The time course of NF-κB DNA-binding activity detected by EMSA after SAH and the effects of PDTC on NF-κB activation.

<p>A. The representative autoradiogram showed the NF-κB DNA-binding activity in each group. B. The time course of NF-κB DNA-binding activity after SAH. Quantification of the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was performed by densitometric analysis. The NF-κB DNA-binding activity was up-regulated significantly after SAH, especially on day 3 and 5, while restored on day 7. C. the effects of intracisternal administration of PDTC on NF-κB DNA-binding activity. It was shown that NF-κB DNA-binding activity was suppressed after treatment with PDTC. 1 stands for the control group. 2, 3 and 4 stand for the D-3, 5 and 7 SAH groups. 5 stands for the PDTC groups. Results are represented as means ± SEM from five independent experiments in each group. *P<0.05 vs. control group, **P<0.01 vs. control group, #P<0.05 vs. D-5 SAH group.</p

Table_2_Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanoparticles to Neurons: An Enhanced Potential for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment.XLSX

Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid that exerts strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property deriving from its highly unsaturated molecular structures. However, the low stability and solubility of ATX results in poor bioavailability, which markedly hampers its application as therapeutic agent in clinic advancement. This study investigated a promising way of transferrin conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-encapsulated ATX nanoparticles (ATX-NPs) on targeted delivery and evaluated the possible mechanism underlying neuroprotection capability. As a result, the ATX integrated into nanocarrier presented both well water-dispersible and biocompatible, primely conquering its limitations. More than that, the transferrin-containing ATX-NPs exhibited enhanced cellular uptake efficiency than that of ATX-NPs without transferrin conjugated in primary cortical neurons. Additionally, compared to free ATX, transferrin-containing ATX-NPs with lower ATX concentration showed powerful neuroprotective effects on OxyHb-induced neuronal damage. Taken together, the improved bioavailability and enhanced neuroprotective effects enabled ATX-NPs as favorable candidates for targeted delivery and absorption of ATX. We believe that these in vitro findings will provide insights for advancement of subarachnoid hemorrhage therapy.</p

Table_1_Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanoparticles to Neurons: An Enhanced Potential for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment.XLSX

Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid that exerts strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property deriving from its highly unsaturated molecular structures. However, the low stability and solubility of ATX results in poor bioavailability, which markedly hampers its application as therapeutic agent in clinic advancement. This study investigated a promising way of transferrin conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-encapsulated ATX nanoparticles (ATX-NPs) on targeted delivery and evaluated the possible mechanism underlying neuroprotection capability. As a result, the ATX integrated into nanocarrier presented both well water-dispersible and biocompatible, primely conquering its limitations. More than that, the transferrin-containing ATX-NPs exhibited enhanced cellular uptake efficiency than that of ATX-NPs without transferrin conjugated in primary cortical neurons. Additionally, compared to free ATX, transferrin-containing ATX-NPs with lower ATX concentration showed powerful neuroprotective effects on OxyHb-induced neuronal damage. Taken together, the improved bioavailability and enhanced neuroprotective effects enabled ATX-NPs as favorable candidates for targeted delivery and absorption of ATX. We believe that these in vitro findings will provide insights for advancement of subarachnoid hemorrhage therapy.</p

Image_1_Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanoparticles to Neurons: An Enhanced Potential for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment.TIF

Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid that exerts strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property deriving from its highly unsaturated molecular structures. However, the low stability and solubility of ATX results in poor bioavailability, which markedly hampers its application as therapeutic agent in clinic advancement. This study investigated a promising way of transferrin conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-encapsulated ATX nanoparticles (ATX-NPs) on targeted delivery and evaluated the possible mechanism underlying neuroprotection capability. As a result, the ATX integrated into nanocarrier presented both well water-dispersible and biocompatible, primely conquering its limitations. More than that, the transferrin-containing ATX-NPs exhibited enhanced cellular uptake efficiency than that of ATX-NPs without transferrin conjugated in primary cortical neurons. Additionally, compared to free ATX, transferrin-containing ATX-NPs with lower ATX concentration showed powerful neuroprotective effects on OxyHb-induced neuronal damage. Taken together, the improved bioavailability and enhanced neuroprotective effects enabled ATX-NPs as favorable candidates for targeted delivery and absorption of ATX. We believe that these in vitro findings will provide insights for advancement of subarachnoid hemorrhage therapy.</p

Image_2_Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanoparticles to Neurons: An Enhanced Potential for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment.TIF

Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid that exerts strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property deriving from its highly unsaturated molecular structures. However, the low stability and solubility of ATX results in poor bioavailability, which markedly hampers its application as therapeutic agent in clinic advancement. This study investigated a promising way of transferrin conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-encapsulated ATX nanoparticles (ATX-NPs) on targeted delivery and evaluated the possible mechanism underlying neuroprotection capability. As a result, the ATX integrated into nanocarrier presented both well water-dispersible and biocompatible, primely conquering its limitations. More than that, the transferrin-containing ATX-NPs exhibited enhanced cellular uptake efficiency than that of ATX-NPs without transferrin conjugated in primary cortical neurons. Additionally, compared to free ATX, transferrin-containing ATX-NPs with lower ATX concentration showed powerful neuroprotective effects on OxyHb-induced neuronal damage. Taken together, the improved bioavailability and enhanced neuroprotective effects enabled ATX-NPs as favorable candidates for targeted delivery and absorption of ATX. We believe that these in vitro findings will provide insights for advancement of subarachnoid hemorrhage therapy.</p