sj-pdf-1-jmx-10.1177_00222429231203699 - Supplemental material for Making Sense? The Sensory-Specific Nature of Virtual Influencer Effectiveness

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jmx-10.1177_00222429231203699 for Making Sense? The Sensory-Specific Nature of Virtual Influencer Effectiveness by Xinyue Zhou, Xiao Yan and Yuwei Jiang in Journal of Marketing</p

How Superhydrophobic Grooves Drive Single-Droplet Jumping

Rapid shedding of microdroplets enhances the performance of self-cleaning, anti-icing, water-harvesting, and condensation heat-transfer surfaces. Coalescence-induced droplet jumping represents one of the most efficient microdroplet shedding approaches and is fundamentally limited by weak fluid–substrate dynamics, resulting in a departure velocity smaller than 0.3u, where u is the capillary-inertia-scaled droplet velocity. Laplace pressure-driven single-droplet jumping from rationally designed superhydrophobic grooves has been shown to break conventional capillary-inertia energy transfer paradigms by squeezing and launching single droplets independent of coalescence. However, this interesting droplet shedding mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate single-droplet jumping from superhydrophobic grooves by examining its dependence upon surface and droplet configurations. Using a volume of fluid (VOF) simulation framework benchmarked with optical visualizations, we verify the Laplace pressure contrast established within the groove-confined droplet that governs single-droplet jumping. An optimal departure velocity of 1.13u is achieved, well beyond what is currently available using condensation on homogeneous or hierarchical superhydrophobic structures. We further develop a jumping/non-jumping regime map in terms of surface wettability and initial droplet volume and demonstrate directional jumping under asymmetric confinement. Our work reveals key fluid–structure interactions required for the tuning of droplet jumping dynamics and guides the design of interfaces and materials for enhanced microdroplet shedding for a plethora of applications

How Superhydrophobic Grooves Drive Single-Droplet Jumping

Rapid shedding of microdroplets enhances the performance of self-cleaning, anti-icing, water-harvesting, and condensation heat-transfer surfaces. Coalescence-induced droplet jumping represents one of the most efficient microdroplet shedding approaches and is fundamentally limited by weak fluid–substrate dynamics, resulting in a departure velocity smaller than 0.3u, where u is the capillary-inertia-scaled droplet velocity. Laplace pressure-driven single-droplet jumping from rationally designed superhydrophobic grooves has been shown to break conventional capillary-inertia energy transfer paradigms by squeezing and launching single droplets independent of coalescence. However, this interesting droplet shedding mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate single-droplet jumping from superhydrophobic grooves by examining its dependence upon surface and droplet configurations. Using a volume of fluid (VOF) simulation framework benchmarked with optical visualizations, we verify the Laplace pressure contrast established within the groove-confined droplet that governs single-droplet jumping. An optimal departure velocity of 1.13u is achieved, well beyond what is currently available using condensation on homogeneous or hierarchical superhydrophobic structures. We further develop a jumping/non-jumping regime map in terms of surface wettability and initial droplet volume and demonstrate directional jumping under asymmetric confinement. Our work reveals key fluid–structure interactions required for the tuning of droplet jumping dynamics and guides the design of interfaces and materials for enhanced microdroplet shedding for a plethora of applications

How Superhydrophobic Grooves Drive Single-Droplet Jumping

Rapid shedding of microdroplets enhances the performance of self-cleaning, anti-icing, water-harvesting, and condensation heat-transfer surfaces. Coalescence-induced droplet jumping represents one of the most efficient microdroplet shedding approaches and is fundamentally limited by weak fluid–substrate dynamics, resulting in a departure velocity smaller than 0.3u, where u is the capillary-inertia-scaled droplet velocity. Laplace pressure-driven single-droplet jumping from rationally designed superhydrophobic grooves has been shown to break conventional capillary-inertia energy transfer paradigms by squeezing and launching single droplets independent of coalescence. However, this interesting droplet shedding mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate single-droplet jumping from superhydrophobic grooves by examining its dependence upon surface and droplet configurations. Using a volume of fluid (VOF) simulation framework benchmarked with optical visualizations, we verify the Laplace pressure contrast established within the groove-confined droplet that governs single-droplet jumping. An optimal departure velocity of 1.13u is achieved, well beyond what is currently available using condensation on homogeneous or hierarchical superhydrophobic structures. We further develop a jumping/non-jumping regime map in terms of surface wettability and initial droplet volume and demonstrate directional jumping under asymmetric confinement. Our work reveals key fluid–structure interactions required for the tuning of droplet jumping dynamics and guides the design of interfaces and materials for enhanced microdroplet shedding for a plethora of applications

Cumulative carbon release (as CO₂) from the impervious-covered and open soils during the 28-d incubation.

<p>Data were fitted by the first-order decay model. The bars indicate standard errors (<i>n</i> = 7 for urban impervious-covered soils, and <i>n</i> = 6 for urban open soils).</p

The first-order decay model (Eq. 2) parameters and coefficients of determination (<i>r</i>²) for carbon mineralization in urban impervious-covered and open soils.

<p><i>C</i>₁, rapidly mineralizable SOC pool; <i>C</i>₀, potentially mineralizable SOC pool; <i>k</i>, SOC mineralization rate constant; <i>C</i>₀<i>k</i>, a parameter that could be comparable with the initial potential rate of SOC mineralization <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109380#pone.0109380-Fernndez1" target="_blank">[35]</a>; <i>t</i>_1/2, SOC mineralization half-time.</p><p>n.s., not significant.</p><p>The first-order decay model (Eq. 2) parameters and coefficients of determination (<i>r</i>²) for carbon mineralization in urban impervious-covered and open soils.</p

Soil sampling points in Yixing city.

<p>Seven sites were selected for impervious-covered soils, and six sites with similar soil parent materials were selected for open soils. Soil samples were collected at 0–20 cm depth.</p

The correlations between the densities of SOC and TN for urban soils in Yixing city.

<p>SOC represents soil organic carbon, and TN represents total nitrogen, * <i>P</i><0.05 (<i>n</i> = 7 for urban impervious-covered soils, and <i>n</i> = 6 for urban open soils).</p

Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Methanol Electro-Oxidation: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are among the most promising portable power supplies because of their unique advantages, including high energy density/mobility of liquid fuels, low working temperature, and low emission of pollutants. Various metal-based anode catalysts have been extensively studied and utilized for the essential methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) due to their superior electrocatalytic performance. At present, especially with the rapid advance of nanotechnology, enormous efforts have been exerted to further enhance the catalytic performance and minimize the use of precious metals. Constructing multicomponent metal-based nanocatalysts with precisely designed structures can achieve this goal by providing highly tunable compositional and structural characteristics, which is promising for the modification and optimization of their related electrochemical properties. The recent advances of metal-based electrocatalytic materials with rationally designed nanostructures and chemistries for MOR in DMFCs are highlighted and summarized herein. The effects of the well-defined nanoarchitectures on the improved electrochemical properties of the catalysts are illustrated. Finally, conclusive perspectives are provided on the opportunities and challenges for further refining the nanostructure of metal-based catalysts and improving electrocatalytic performance, as well as the commercial viability

The concentrations and densities of SOC and TN for the impervious-covered and open soils in Yixing city.

<p>Values are means ± SE, SOC represents soil organic carbon, and TN represents total nitrogen, * <i>P</i><0.05 (<i>n</i> = 7 for urban impervious-covered soils, and <i>n</i> = 6 for urban open soils).</p