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DataSheet_1_Precipitation modulates the net effect of solar radiation on litter decomposition and CO2 emission - a meta-analysis.docx

IntroductionSolar radiation plays a crucial role in the decomposition of litter and the cycling of nutrients. Previous studies have investigated that the net effect of solar radiation on litter decomposition depends on the balance of its facilitative and inhibitory effects on microbial activity; however, a gap in understanding the mechanism by which precipitation affects the net effect of solar radiation and the mechanism of litter decomposition on a global scale was observed.MethodsIn addressing this gap, a comprehensive meta-analysis of 351 data points from 37 published studies was conducted to estimate the sole radiation effect and interactive effect of solar radiation and precipitation on a global scale, as well as how they vary at different precipitation levels. In addition, the importance of influential factors regulating the net effect of solar radiation on litter decomposition was assessed to identify the key drivers of the response of mass loss to solar radiation at different precipitation levels.ResultsOur findings indicated that solar radiation largely regulates litter decomposition, and the direction and magnitude are potentially dependent on the precipitation regime. In addition, solar radiation significantly increased mass loss and decreased the nutrient remaining. Furthermore, the effects of solar radiation on mass loss, C remaining, and N remaining were found to be similar among areas with precipitation levels below 200 and above 800 mm and greater than in areas with precipitation levels between 200-400 mm and 400-800 mm. The effect of solar radiation on CO2 emissions varied from 13.97% when precipitation was below 200 mm to −0.707% when precipitation was between 200 and 400 mm.ConclusionClimatic factors determine the response ratio of mass loss to solar radiation in arid lands, whereas the initial litter characteristics have a great influence on the response of mass loss to solar radiation in ecosystems that are not moisture limited. The effect of precipitation on the photodegradation mechanism of litter was primarily achieved by influencing the decomposition of lignin, and the main effect of solar radiation on litter decomposition will shift from the positive effect of “photopriming” to the negative effect of “microbial inhibition” with the increase of precipitation. Our findings can provide a comprehensive understanding of litter decomposition patterns on a global scale, and our results showed that CO2 emissions from photodegradation will be lessened by precipitation, which is important in predicting CO2 emission and separating sources of CO2 under future increasing precipitation scenarios, particularly in arid lands.</p

Cyclization of Azobenzenes Via Electrochemical Oxidation Induced Benzylic Radical Generation

An electrochemical oxidation-induced cyclization of ortho-alkyl-substituted azobenzenes has been developed. The direct electrochemical benzylic C–H functionalization with respect to azobenzenes could proceed in the absence of any catalyst or external chemical oxidant to afford a number of 2H-indazole derivatives in moderate to good yields. This protocol enables the reuse of the byproduct to the same 2H-indazoles, thus significantly reducing pollution discharge in synthetic chemistry

Direct Conversion from Carbon Dioxide to Luminescent Poly(β-alkoxyacrylate)s via Multicomponent Tandem Polymerization-Induced Emission

Using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a feedstock to synthesize various polymers has drawn much attention. One-pot multicomponent tandem polymerization (MCTP) with great synthetic simplicity and efficiency is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of new CO2-based luminescent polymers. In this work, we successfully developed a new one-pot MCTP combining three sequential carboxylation–cyclization–esterification reactions of CO2, diynes, and alkyl dihalides to directly convert CO2 into luminescent polymers with aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) property. This MCTP could be facilely performed in N,N-dimethyl­acetamide in the presence of a cheap catalyst CuI and an organic base 7-methyl-1,5,7-triaza­bicyclo[4.4.0]­dec-5-ene under atmospheric pressure. A series of poly­(β-alkoxyacrylate)­s with well-defined structures and high molecular weights (Mw up to 15400) were obtained in high yields (up to 96%). The resultant polymers possess good thermal stability with high decomposition temperatures and high char yields. Because of polymerization-induced emission (PIE) effect, the nonluminescent monomers could be converted to luminescent poly­(β-alkoxyacrylate)­s with AEE features. Thus, this work provides a new pathway to directly transform CO2 into luminescent polymers via a one-pot MCTP strategy

Table_1_Variation characteristics of different plant functional groups in alpine desert steppe of the Altun Mountains, northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.DOCX

In grassland ecosystems, the plant functional group (PFG) is an important bridge connecting individual plants to the community system. The grassland ecosystem is the main ecosystem type on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Altun Mountain is located in the key grassland transcontinental belt of the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The composition and changes in the PFG in this ecosystem reflect the community characteristics in the arid and semi-arid extreme climate regions of the Plateau. The main PFGs were forbs and grasses, and the importance values (IVs) accounted for more than 50%. Plant species diversity of the community was influenced by the IV of the legumes, and the increase in legumes would promote the increase in plant community diversity. The C, N, and P contents of plant communities were mainly influenced by forbs and grasses, and the relationship between forbs and C, N, and P was opposite to that of grasses. However, under the influence of different hydrothermal conditions, forbs and grasses as dominant functional groups had a stronger correlation with community and soil nutrients. This indicates that the dominant PFGs (forbs and grasses) can dominate the C, N, and P contents of the community and soil, and legumes affect community composition and succession. In this study, we analyzed the changing characteristics of functional groups in dry and cold extreme environments and the difference in their impacts on community development compared with other grassland ecosystem functional groups.</p

Additional file 1 of Knowledge, attitude, and practice of nephrologists on the decision for renal replacement therapy

Additional file 1

Box plots indicating the distribution of the pretreatment plasma fibrinogen levels and the following clinicopathological parameters: age (A), menopause (B), tumor stage (C), tumor size (D), lymphatic metastasis (E), and lymph node involvement (F).

<p>The horizontal bar in the box indicates the median value, the box indicates the 1st (25%) and 3rd (75%) quartile, the whiskers indicate 5–95%, the open circles indicate the outlier</p

Correlation between preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels and clinicopathological parameters.

Correlation between preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels and clinicopathological parameters.</p

The time-dependent receiver operating characteristics analysis of the plasma fibrinogen level to predict metastasis and death in patients with operable breast cancer.

<p>The time-dependent receiver operating characteristics analysis of the plasma fibrinogen level to predict metastasis and death in patients with operable breast cancer.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Intercropping Systems Modify Desert Plant-Associated Microbial Communities and Weaken Host Effects in a Hyper-Arid Desert.zip

Intercropping is an important practice in promoting plant diversity and productivity. Compared to the accumulated understanding of the legume/non-legume crop intercrops, very little is known about the effect of this practice when applied to native species on soil microbial communities in the desert ecosystem. Therefore, in the present study, bulk soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in the 2-year Alhagi sparsifolia (legume)/Karelinia caspica (non-legume) monoculture vs. intercropping systems were characterized under field conditions. Our result revealed that plant species identities caused a significant effect on microbial community composition in monocultures but not in intercropping systems. Monoculture weakened the rhizosphere effect on fungal richness. The composition of bacterial and fungal communities (β-diversity) was significantly modified by intercropping, while bacterial richness (Chao1) was comparable between the two planting patterns. Network analysis revealed that Actinobacteria, α- and γ-proteobacteria dominated bulk soil and rhizosphere microbial co-occurrence networks in each planting pattern. Intercropping systems induced a more complex rhizosphere microbial community and a more modular and stable bulk soil microbial network. Keystone taxa prevailed in intercropping systems and were Actinobacteria-dominated. Overall, planting patterns and soil compartments, not plant identities, differentiated root-associated microbiomes. Intercropping can modify the co-occurrence patterns of bulk soil and rhizosphere microorganisms in desert ecosystems. These findings provided a potential strategy for us to manipulate desert soil microbial communities and optimize desert species allocation in vegetation sustainability.</p