Comparative Proteome Analyses Reveal that Nitric Oxide Is an Important Signal Molecule in the Response of Rice to Aluminum Toxicity

Acidic soils inhibit crop yield and reduce grain quality. One of the major contributing factors to acidic soil is the presence of soluble aluminum (Al³⁺) ions, but the mechanisms underlying plant responses to Al³⁺ toxicity remain elusive. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger and participates in various plant physiological responses. Here, we demonstrate that Al³⁺ induced an increase of NO in rice seedlings; adding exogenous NO alleviated the Al³⁺ toxicity related to rice growth and photosynthetic capacity, effects that could be reversed by suppressing NO metabolism. Comparative proteomic analyses successfully identified 92 proteins that showed differential expression after Al³⁺ or NO treatment. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further analyses confirmed that NO treatment reduced Al³⁺-induced ROS and RNS toxicities by increasing the activities and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, as well as <i>S</i>-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Suppressing GSNOR enzymatic activity aggravated Al³⁺ damage to rice and increased the accumulation of RNS. NO treatment altered the expression of proteins associated with cell wall synthesis, cell division and cell structure, calcium signaling and defense responses. On the basis of these results, we propose that NO activates multiple pathways that enhance rice adaptation to Al³⁺ toxicity. Such findings may be applicable to crop engineering to enhance yield and improve stress tolerance

Odds ratios with 95% confidential intervals in the association between socioeconomic status and hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years in urban areas.

<p>Odds ratios with 95% confidential intervals in the association between socioeconomic status and hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years in urban areas.</p

Comparative Proteome Analyses Reveal that Nitric Oxide Is an Important Signal Molecule in the Response of Rice to Aluminum Toxicity

Acidic soils inhibit crop yield and reduce grain quality. One of the major contributing factors to acidic soil is the presence of soluble aluminum (Al³⁺) ions, but the mechanisms underlying plant responses to Al³⁺ toxicity remain elusive. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger and participates in various plant physiological responses. Here, we demonstrate that Al³⁺ induced an increase of NO in rice seedlings; adding exogenous NO alleviated the Al³⁺ toxicity related to rice growth and photosynthetic capacity, effects that could be reversed by suppressing NO metabolism. Comparative proteomic analyses successfully identified 92 proteins that showed differential expression after Al³⁺ or NO treatment. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further analyses confirmed that NO treatment reduced Al³⁺-induced ROS and RNS toxicities by increasing the activities and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, as well as <i>S</i>-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Suppressing GSNOR enzymatic activity aggravated Al³⁺ damage to rice and increased the accumulation of RNS. NO treatment altered the expression of proteins associated with cell wall synthesis, cell division and cell structure, calcium signaling and defense responses. On the basis of these results, we propose that NO activates multiple pathways that enhance rice adaptation to Al³⁺ toxicity. Such findings may be applicable to crop engineering to enhance yield and improve stress tolerance

Comparative Proteome Analyses Reveal that Nitric Oxide Is an Important Signal Molecule in the Response of Rice to Aluminum Toxicity

Acidic soils inhibit crop yield and reduce grain quality. One of the major contributing factors to acidic soil is the presence of soluble aluminum (Al³⁺) ions, but the mechanisms underlying plant responses to Al³⁺ toxicity remain elusive. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger and participates in various plant physiological responses. Here, we demonstrate that Al³⁺ induced an increase of NO in rice seedlings; adding exogenous NO alleviated the Al³⁺ toxicity related to rice growth and photosynthetic capacity, effects that could be reversed by suppressing NO metabolism. Comparative proteomic analyses successfully identified 92 proteins that showed differential expression after Al³⁺ or NO treatment. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further analyses confirmed that NO treatment reduced Al³⁺-induced ROS and RNS toxicities by increasing the activities and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, as well as <i>S</i>-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Suppressing GSNOR enzymatic activity aggravated Al³⁺ damage to rice and increased the accumulation of RNS. NO treatment altered the expression of proteins associated with cell wall synthesis, cell division and cell structure, calcium signaling and defense responses. On the basis of these results, we propose that NO activates multiple pathways that enhance rice adaptation to Al³⁺ toxicity. Such findings may be applicable to crop engineering to enhance yield and improve stress tolerance

Comparative Proteome Analyses Reveal that Nitric Oxide Is an Important Signal Molecule in the Response of Rice to Aluminum Toxicity

Acidic soils inhibit crop yield and reduce grain quality. One of the major contributing factors to acidic soil is the presence of soluble aluminum (Al³⁺) ions, but the mechanisms underlying plant responses to Al³⁺ toxicity remain elusive. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger and participates in various plant physiological responses. Here, we demonstrate that Al³⁺ induced an increase of NO in rice seedlings; adding exogenous NO alleviated the Al³⁺ toxicity related to rice growth and photosynthetic capacity, effects that could be reversed by suppressing NO metabolism. Comparative proteomic analyses successfully identified 92 proteins that showed differential expression after Al³⁺ or NO treatment. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further analyses confirmed that NO treatment reduced Al³⁺-induced ROS and RNS toxicities by increasing the activities and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, as well as <i>S</i>-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Suppressing GSNOR enzymatic activity aggravated Al³⁺ damage to rice and increased the accumulation of RNS. NO treatment altered the expression of proteins associated with cell wall synthesis, cell division and cell structure, calcium signaling and defense responses. On the basis of these results, we propose that NO activates multiple pathways that enhance rice adaptation to Al³⁺ toxicity. Such findings may be applicable to crop engineering to enhance yield and improve stress tolerance

Characteristics of adults aged 25–59 years, by urban and rural area: Ear and Hearing Disorder Survey in four provinces of China, 2014–2015.

<p>Characteristics of adults aged 25–59 years, by urban and rural area: Ear and Hearing Disorder Survey in four provinces of China, 2014–2015.</p

Odds ratios with 95% confidential intervals in the association between socioeconomic status and hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years in urban areas.

<p>Odds ratios with 95% confidential intervals in the association between socioeconomic status and hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years in urban areas.</p

Peak Detection Algorithm for Mass Spectrometry Integrating Weighted Continuous Wavelet Transform with Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Otsu

Peak detection is an important step in mass spectrometry as accurately identifying characteristic peaks is key to data analysis. In order to address the issue of false peak detection, while simultaneously ensuring accurate detection of weak and overlapped peaks, this paper introduces an improved algorithm for mass spectrometry integrating weighted continuous wavelet transform with particle swarm optimization-based Otsu (WWTPO). The algorithm applies the weighted continuous wavelet transform (WCWT) to compress the frequency spectrum signal into a smaller scale range, which allows for the acquisition of more distinct and informative peak information. Moreover, the algorithm employs the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to iteratively evaluate the optimal image segmentation threshold, which addresses the challenge of inaccurate Otsu image segmentation. The method was applied to detect simulated peaks as well as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) datasets. The performance evaluation was conducted using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, F1 measure and F-scores. Through comparison with continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and genetic algorithm-based threshold segmentation (WSTGA), multi-scale peak detection (MSPD) and CWT and image segmentation (CWT-IS), the results demonstrate that WWTPO exhibits excellent performance in peak detection. The determination of 4-isopropyltoluene also demonstrates that WWTPO has excellent practical application. This method not only maintains a low false peak identification rate but also detects more weak peaks and overlapping peaks, further improving the accuracy and efficiency of peak detection in mass spectrometry.</p

Prevalence (%) with 95% confidential intervals of hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years: Ear and Hearing Disorder Survey in four provinces of China, 2014–2015.

<p>Prevalence (%) with 95% confidential intervals of hearing loss in adults aged 25–59 years: Ear and Hearing Disorder Survey in four provinces of China, 2014–2015.</p

Flowchart of the study sample.

<p>Flowchart of the study sample.</p