The Characteristic Changes of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) Pretreated by Fungal Pretreatment

The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of Betung Bamboo was evaluated based on its biomass components after being cultivated by white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor. Betung bamboo powder (15 g) was exposed to liquid inoculum of white rot fungi and incubated at 270C for 15, 30 and 45 days. The treated samples were then characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analyses. Cultivation for 30 days with 5 and 10% loadings retained greater selectivity compared to that of the other treatments. FTIR spectra demonstrated that the fungus affected the decreasing of functional group quantities without changing the functional groups. The decrease in intensity at wave number of 1246 cm-1 (guaiacyl of lignin) was greater than that at wave number of 1328 cm-1 (deformation combination of syringyl and xylan) after fungal treatment. X-ray analysis showed the pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity than the untreated ones which might be due to the cleavage of amorphous fractions of cellulose. The pretreated samples have more fragile than the untreated ones confirmed by SEM. Crystalline allomorph calculated by XRD analysis showed that fungus pretreatment for 30 days has transformed triclinic structure of cellulose to monoclinic structure

Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide - hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m2/kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30. Keywords : Gigantochloa apus, OCC, recycled pulp, substitution

Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide - hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m2/kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30.   Keywords :    Gigantochloa apus, OCC, recycled pulp, substitution

Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide - hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m2/kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30. Keywords : Gigantochloa apus, OCC, recycled pulp, substitution

Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide - hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m2/kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30.   Keywords :    Gigantochloa apus, OCC, recycled pulp, substitution

Trace Elements Content of Mangium Pulp Throughout ECF Bleaching Stages as Measured by ICP

The fate of metals in pulp of the five years old mangium wood (Acacia mangium Wild) during bleaching process was investigated. The wood was divided into tree division, i.e. bottom, middle and upper divisions. The wood was chipped and kraft pulped to achieve a kappa number of 14 + 0.5. The resulting pulps were then bleached following an elementally chlorine free (ECF) method of D0, EO, D1, D2 and P sequences. The measurement of metals content was carried out with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) type Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) Optima 4300DV. Brightness and viscosity of bleached pulps were measured in accordance with TAPPI T 525 om - 92 and TAPPI T 230 om-89 standard procedures, respectively. It was found that, metals content of five years old Acacia mangium tended to increase from the bottom to the upper divisions of the stem. Beyond the EO stage, the content of Mn reduced to below detrimental limit required in peroxide bleaching, which is of 1 ppm. However, the content of Cu and Fe of pulp from every stage of bleaching sequences were much higher than their detrimental limit, i.e. 0.5 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively. Metals content were also found to reduce brightness gain in ECF bleaching

Trace Elements Measurement of Mangium Wood (Acacia Mangium) by AAS

The ash and metals content of Acacia mangium Wild was determined following standard procedures of TAPPI T211 om-93 test method and wet ashing procedures with HNO3 and HClO4 solution, respectively. Measurements of trace elements were carried out by the use of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Although it was fluctuating, the lowest ash content was found in a 5 years old wood and then tended to increase in older three. In the 3 and 5 years old wood, the ash content decreased from upper end to the lower end of the stems. In the 7 and 9 years old wood, the lowest ash content was in the middle part and it tends to increase to the lower end of the stem. Ash content of sapwood was higher than that of heartwood. The content of Mg decreased with increasing age of wood, and other metals tended to increase with the increase of wood age. Metallic components of acacia wood tended to accumulate more in sapwood compared to these in heartwoods. Vertically, the content of Mg and Cu decreased from upper end to lower end of the stems, and in contrary to these of other metals

The Characteristics of Beaten and Unbeaten Mixed Tropical Hardwood Kraft Pulp

In the present works, pulp fibers were fractionated with Bauer McNet fiber fractionators and were classified into long fiber (R30), short fiber (P30/R100) and fines (P100/R200). Water retention value (WRV), dimensions measurements and pulp viscosity of fibers were determined based on of the modified method of Thode et al. (1960), the standard method of SII 1883-1986 and TAPPI 230 om-94, respectively. The measurement of fiber dimensions were done on 200 individual fibers. The increase of short fiber fraction clearly indicated fiber shortening effect of beating process. Beating processes increased WRV of fines above that of long fiber fraction. Beating of pulp did not significantly change the derivative value of fibers, but significantly decreased pulp viscosity

Steam and Microwave Pretreatments in the Preparation of Bioethanol from Sugar Palm Kernel

It is paramount to develop bioethanol production based on the utilization of less important carbohydrate based feedstock such as the sugar palm kernel. In the present works, the kernel powder of sugar palm was hydrolyzed by enzymatic and acidic procedures heated either by autoclaving or microwaving. Fermentation of the resulting reducing sugars was then carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the concentration of 3, 10, and 17% for 24, 48, and 72 hours. It was found that the highest hydrolysis efficiency was by autoclaved acid hydrolysis (92.52%). On the other hand, the highest fermentation efficiency was obtained by 24 hours fermentation with a 17% S. cerevisiae of the resulting sugar from autoclaved enzymatic hydrolysis (97.36%), and the highest ethanol yield was obtained from autoclaved acid hydrolysis fermented for 72 hours with 17% S. cerevisiae (76.49%).  Keywords: bioethanol, fermentation, hydrolysis, S. cerevisiae, sugar palm kerne

Steam and Microwave Pretreatments in the Preparation of Bioethanol From Sugar Palm Kernel

It is paramount to develop bioethanol production based on the utilization of less important carbohydrate based feedstock such as the sugar palm kernel. In the present works, the kernel powder of sugar palm was hydrolyzed by enzymatic and acidic procedures heated either by autoclaving or microwaving. Fermentation of the resulting reducing sugars was then carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the concentration of 3, 10, and 17% for 24, 48, and 72 hours. It was found that the highest hydrolysis efficiency was by autoclaved acid hydrolysis (92.52%). On the other hand, the highest fermentation efficiency was obtained by 24 hours fermentation with a 17% S. cerevisiae of the resulting sugar from autoclaved enzymatic hydrolysis (97.36%), and the highest ethanol yield was obtained from autoclaved acid hydrolysis fermented for 72 hours with 17% S. cerevisiae (76.49%)

Diapers Dari Fluff Kenaf

Fluf pulp mutu tingi dapat dibuat dari serat dari kenafm, yang dipisahkan dari sel parenchyma dan bahan-bahan lain secara proses mekanis. Gabungan serat terurai dengan 2-3 m perlu dipotong –potong menjadi 3-5 cm sebelum pemburuan. Penelitian ini bubur fluff disiapkan dengan mengunakan proses soda dengan parameter-parameter berikut : 12%, 14% dan 16% alkali aktif; perbandingan liquor terhadap padatan 1:4 suhu maksimum 165 oc, dan waktu hingga suhu maksimum dan waktu pada suhu maksimum adalah masing-masing 1.5 dan 2 jam. Unsur khlor bebasyang dibleaching dengan urutan OD0ED1D2 dilakukan untuk membleach pulp dihasilkan. Fluffing dilakukan dalam willeymil atau shreeder dengan atau tampa perlakuan super absorbent polymer (SAP). Perlakuan dengan SAP divariasikan dari 10 - 30 %. Hasil diperoleh menunjukan yield dan bilangan kappa masingmasing dalam rentang 6183-65.10% dan 10-14. Sifat-sifat lain sepertikeceraha, kandungan terkstrasi, viskositas dan knos berturut-turut lebih tingi daripada 89% GE,0.01%, 4.76 cP, dan 5%. Kapasitas dari kenaf dalam percobaan berada dalam rentang 7.03-18.76g/g. hal ini bergantung pada alkali aktif, konsentrasi SAP dan metode fluffing. Seluruh sifat-sifatyang diuji memenuhi persaratan diaper komersial. Perlakuan dengan SAP meningkatkan kapasitas absorben dari bubur fluff secara nyata