Never again: the multiple grammaticalization of never as a marker of negation in English

In both standard and nonstandard varieties of English there are several contexts in which the word never functions as a sentential negator rather than as a negative temporal adverb. This article investigates the pragmatic and distributional differences between the various non-temporal uses of never and examines their synchronic and historical relationship to the ordinary temporal quantifier use, drawing on corpora of Early Modern and present-day British English. Primary focus is on (i) a straightforward negator use that in prescriptively approved varieties of English has an aspectual restriction to non-chance, completive achievement predicates in the preterite, but no such restriction in nonstandard English; and (ii) a distinct categorical-denial use that quantifies over possible perspectives on a situation. Against Cheshire (1998), it is argued that neither of these uses represents continuity with non-temporal uses of never in Middle English, but both are instead relatively recent innovations resulting from semantic reanalysis and the semanticization of implicatures

CONJOINT ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER PROTECTION PROGRAMS

Three conjoint models-a traditional ratings model, a ratings difference specification, and a binary response model-were used to value groundwater protection program alternatives. The last, which is virtually identical to a dichotomous choice contingent valuation specification, produced the smallest value estimates. This suggests that the conjoint model is very sensitive to model specifications and that traditional conjoint models may overestimate economic value because many respondents are not in the market for the commodity being valued.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Evaluation of An Oral Health Education Session for Early Head Start Home Visitors

Objectives Home visiting programs promote the education and health of Early Head Start (EHS) children and pregnant women. However, EHS\u27s oral health component is unevenly implemented. We conducted an educational intervention to improve oral health knowledge and motivational interviewing techniques among Wisconsin EHS home visitors. Methods A questionnaire assessing oral health-related knowledge and confidence was administered to home visitors before and after an educational session. Changes between pre/post-responses were analyzed with McNemar\u27s test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results After the intervention there were increases in both knowledge and confidence related to oral health communication. Knowledge increases were observed in such topics as fluoridation, dental caries, and caregivers’ role in assisting and supervising children\u27s tooth brushing. Conclusions A brief educational intervention was associated with increased home visitor knowledge and confidence in communicating oral health messages to EHS caregivers and pregnant women

The Obama Pivot to Asia: An Analysis of the Fundamentals

The Obama Administration’s Pivot to Asia policy was a grand shift in focus for U.S. foreign policy and sought to lay the foundation of U.S. policy in the region for the future. This paper derives three fundamental assumptions that the Pivot policy was based upon, from the articulations of the main architects of the Pivot Policy: former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former National Security Advisor Tom Donilon. These assumptions are as follows, pivoting to the Asia-Pacific will be beneficial to the U.S., engagement with China is central to the Pivot policy and the policy is not an effort to contain China, and finally the draw down in the Middle East will happen and the Pivot policy cannot happen without this draw down. Then, this paper assesses whether they were realistic to presume. It is found that the foundation of the Pivot policy was sound, but certain actions by they Obama Administration undermined these assumptions and overall hurt the effectiveness of the Pivot policy

Going with the floe

Julia Wilkinson and a Zooniverse citizen-science team examine Arctic auroral data, using observations from the ill-fated 19th-century Arctic exploration ship USS Jeannette

A study on the relationships among group cohesion : leadership behavior and athlete satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between group cohesion, leader behavior, and athlete satisfaction with leadership for NCAA Division I female volleyball players. Questionnaires were sent to four Southeast Conference Universities who agreed to participate in the study. Yuki\u27s (1971) discrepancy theory was used for examining the satisfaction of the athletes in reference to their preferences for coaching behavior and their perceptions of their coaches\u27 actual behavior. House\u27s (1971) path-goal theory and Chelladurai\u27s (1990) contingency model were used as framework for investigating the relationships among all three factors. The following three problems were investigated in reference to the 29 female volleyball players: (a) determine if discrepancy scores between preferred and perceived coaching behavior factors were related to cohesion components, (b) determine if specific leadership satisfaction factors were related to the discrepancy scores between preferred and perceived coaching behaviors, and (c) determine if general and specific leadership satisfaction factors were related to the components of team cohesion. Cohesion was measured by using Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley\u27s (1985) Group Environmental Questionnaire. The constructs of cohesion measured were: (a) group integration- social, (b) group integration-task, (c) individual attraction to group-social, and (d) individual attraction to group-task. Leader behavior was measured with Chelladurai\u27s (1980) Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS), and was administered in two forms: (a) preferred leadership behavior, and (b) perceived/actual leadership behavior. The five factors of leadership behavior measured by the LSS were: (a) training and instruction, (b) autocratic behavior, (c) democratic behavior, (d) rewarding behavior, and (e) social support. The difference between the two forms of leadership factors (preferred- perceived) determined the discrepancies, which, according to Yuki\u27s (1971) discrepancy model, is related to the subordinates\u27 satisfaction, such that as the discrepancies become smaller, the satisfaction of the subordinate with the leader should increase. Finally, Schliesman\u27s (1985) General and Specific Satisfaction Scales were used to measure the athletes\u27 general satisfaction with the coaches\u27 behavior and specific satisfaction with each of the five leadership behavior factors according to the LSS. The results demonstrated that the cohesion construct of attraction to group-social was significantly related to the discrepancy values of the leader behaviors of autocratic and rewarding behavior. Also, satisfaction with autocratic, democratic and rewarding behavior all related to their corresponding discrepancy scores. Finally, it was demonstrated that: (a) group integration-social was significantly related to general leadership satisfaction and the specific leadership satisfaction factors of autocratic behavior, democratic behavior, and rewarding behavior, (b) group integration-task was significantly related to general leadership satisfaction and the specific leadership satisfaction factors of training and instruction, autocratic behavior, democratic behavior, and rewarding behavior, (c) attraction to group-social was found to be significantly related to general leadership satisfaction and all the specific leadership satisfaction factors, and (d) attraction to group-task was found to be significantly related to all the specific leadership satisfaction factors but was not significantly related to general leadership satisfaction. These results demonstrated support for House\u27s (1971) path-goal theory and Chelladurai\u27s (1990) contingency model, however there was little support for Yukl\u27s (1971) discrepancy model

Recognition of extended linear and cyclised polyketide mimics by a Type II acyl carrier protein

Extended linear and cyclised polyketide mimics were synthesized and high-resolution solution NMR structures were used to probe the interactions of the actinorhodin polyketide ACP with these surrogates.</p