A POLICY PROGRAM IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS

International Relations/Trade,

FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND FAR EAST FARM MARKETS

Agricultural and Food Policy,

Moralizing Commerce on the Frontier

Beginning in the late nineteenth century a promising ranching sector developed on the Mato Grosso frontier with Paraguay. The most lucrative markets for cattle products were in neighboring Paraguay, Uruguay, and in the southeast of Brazil. For the most part markets were distant from the region of production, while fiscal revenues were always limited, hence the state attempted to impose its regulations and taxes as it could. Residents found their incomes were constrained at the best of times, and any “outside” impositions were simply obstacles to the prosperity of their communities and businesses. The result was that like similar regions across the globe cattle and cattle product smuggling became normal. The profits were significant enough that even local government officials were involved. The result was a long-running “battle” between the state and local producers to tap the potential promised by ranching that simultaneously promoted and inhibited the development of the region. This article explores these contradictory aspects of ranching settlement along the Brazil-Paraguay border.A partir do final do século XIX, o setor promissor da pecuária desenvolveu-se na fronteira do Mato Grosso com o Paraguai. Os mercados mais lucrativos eram os vizinhos Paraguai, Uruguai e o sudeste do Brasil. Na maioria dos casos, os mercados estavam distantes da região de produção, enquanto as receitas fiscais eram sempre limitadas, por isso o Estado tentava impor seus regulamentos e impostos como podia. Os moradores descobriram que suas rendas eram restritas nos melhores momentos, e quaisquer imposições “externas” eram simplesmente obstáculos para a prosperidade de suas comunidades e empresas. O resultado foi que, como em regiões semelhantes em todo o mundo, o contrabando de gado e produtos de gado tornou-se normal. Os lucros foram significativos o suficiente para que até mesmo funcionários do governo local estivessem envolvidos. O resultado foi uma longa batalha entre os produtores estaduais e locais para aproveitar o potencial prometido pela pecuária, que simultaneamente promoveu e inibiu o desenvolvimento da região. Este artigo explora esses aspectos contraditórios do assentamento pecuário ao longo da fronteira Brasil-Paraguai

O boi etnocêntrico

An important part of the European Agricultural Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was the expansion of modern animal husbandry. Following on developments in crop agriculture, livestock farmers adopted a wide variety of technical innovations. Selective breeding, disease control, pasture management, etc. Radically transformed a previously inconsistent sector. Rapidly exported to the rest of the world, the new animal science came to define the goal of livestock management in what soon became the premier global beef cattle producing regions of the Americas. By the mid to late-nineteenth century one of these was Brazil, though new techniques were only adopted as they were perceived to be useful and affordable. This was especially the case in Mato Grosso state, where ranching had a long history but responded to outside economic demands with a seemingly contradictory mixture of sluggish traditionalism and innovative experimentation. The result was a debate between “modernizers” who denigrated the “backward” state of the local industry and those with experience in a sector that was isolated geographically and generated limited income beyond local markets.Uma parte importante da Revolução Agrícola Europeia dos séculos 18 e 19 era a expansão da criação animal moderna. Imitando os acontecimentos na agricultura, criadores adotaram uma variedade de inovações técnicas. Criação seletiva, controle de doenças, gestão de pastos, etc. transformaram radicalmente um setor previamente inconsistente. Exportada rapidamente ao resto do mundo, a nova ciência animal chegou a definir o objetivo da criação nas regiões que chegariam a ser as mais importantes para gado bovino nas Américas, nos finais do século 19 inclusive no Brasil. Mas as novas técnicas se implementaram somente quando foram olhadas como úteis e acessíveis economicamente. Isso foi evidente em Mato Grosso especialmente, onde a pecuária teve uma longa história mas respondeu às exigências econômicas externas com uma mistura aparentemente contraditória de tradicionalismo lerdo e experimentalismo inovador. O resultado foi um debate entre os “modernizadores” que difamavam o estado da indústria “retrógrada” local e os com experiência num setor que era isolado geograficamente e que gerava pouco lucro fora dos mercados locais

Top Quality Farms Sell Best

Top quality land went up more in price in 1946 than other grades of land. This is the main conclusion from a survey of 376 Iowa real estate brokers made on Nov 1, 1946

Religious Identity, Religious Attendance, and Parental Control

Using a national sample of adolescents aged 10–18 years and their parents (N = 5,117), this article examines whether parental religious identity and religious participation are associated with the ways in which parents control their children. We hypothesize that both religious orthodoxy and weekly religious attendance are related to heightened levels of three elements of parental control: monitoring activities, normative regulations, and network closure. Results indicate that an orthodox religious identity for Catholic and Protestant parents and higher levels of religious attendance for parents as a whole are associated with increases in monitoring activities and normative regulations of American adolescents

Fibrinolysis or Primary PCI in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUNDIt is not known whether prehospital fibrinolysis, coupled with timely coronary angiography, provides a clinical outcome similar to that with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) early after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).METHODSAmong 1892 patients with STEMI who presented within 3 hours after symptom onset and who were unable to undergo primary PCI within 1 hour, patients were randomly assigned to undergo either primary PCI or fibrinolytic therapy with bolus tenecteplase (amended to half dose in patients >= 75 years of age), clopidogrel, and enoxaparin before transport to a PCI-capable hospital. Emergency coronary angiography was performed if fibrinolysis failed; otherwise, angiography was performed 6 to 24 hours after randomization. the primary end point was a composite of death, shock, congestive heart failure, or reinfarction up to 30 days.RESULTSThe primary end point occurred in 116 of 939 patients (12.4%) in the fibrinolysis group and in 135 of 943 patients (14.3%) in the primary PCI group (relative risk in the fibrinolysis group, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.09; P = 0.21). Emergency angiography was required in 36.3% of patients in the fibrinolysis group, whereas the remainder of patients underwent angiography at a median of 17 hours after randomization. More intracranial hemorrhages occurred in the fibrinolysis group than in the primary PCI group (1.0% vs. 0.2%, P = 0.04; after protocol amendment, 0.5% vs. 0.3%, P = 0.45). the rates of nonintracranial bleeding were similar in the two groups.CONCLUSIONSPrehospital fibrinolysis with timely coronary angiography resulted in effective reperfusion in patients with early STEMI who could not undergo primary PCI within 1 hour after the first medical contact. However, fibrinolysis was associated with a slightly increased risk of intracranial bleeding. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00623623.)Boehringer IngelheimEli LillyMerckRocheDaiichi SankyoMedicines CompanyAstraZenecaSanofiBayerSchering-PloughSanofi-AventisBristol-Myers SquibbAbbottMedtronicEdwards LifesciencesServierPfizerUniv Alberta, Canadian Virtual Coordinating Ctr Global Collabor, Edmonton, AB, CanadaUniv Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Inst, Edmonton, AB, CanadaUniv Hosp Leicester Trust, Leicester Cardiovasc Biomed Res Unit, Natl Inst Hlth Res, Leicester, Leics, EnglandUniv Nottingham, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Nottingham NG7 2RD, EnglandLille Univ Hosp, Emergency Dept, Lille, FranceLille Univ Hosp, SAMU, Lille, FranceBoehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Reims, FranceCtr Hosp Versailles, SAMU 78, Versailles, FranceMobile Intens Care Unit, Versailles, FranceFirst Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Internal Dis, Moscow, RussiaEmpresa Publ Emergencias Sanitarias, Almeria, SpainUniv Belgrade, Sch Med, Belgrade, SerbiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Athens, Dept Cardiol 3, GR-10679 Athens, GreeceBenjamin Franklin Med Ctr, Charite, Berlin, GermanyUniv Oslo, Ulleval Hosp, Dept Cardiol, Oslo, NorwayWilhelminenhosp, Dept Med Cardiol & Emergency Med 3, Vienna, AustriaPoznan Univ Med Sci, Dept Cardiol, Poznan, PolandAzienda Osped Univ Udine, Dept Cardiothorac Sci, Udine, ItalyBoehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, GermanyBoehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Basel, SwitzerlandKatholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Cardiovasc Sci, B-3000 Louvain, BelgiumKatholieke Univ Leuven, Interuniv Inst Biostat & Stat Bioinformat, B-3000 Louvain, BelgiumUniv Hasselt, Hasselt, BelgiumUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Surging in Continuous-Flow Compressors

Experiments have been conducted to determine the conditions that cause surging in compressors and to determine the effect of various installations and operating conditions on the character of the velocity and pressure variations occurring during surging. These investigations were made on three compressor units and the variation of static, total, and velocity pressure with time was recorded. In addition to the experimental studies, a simplified analysis was made to determine how instability of flow may occur in a compressor. Based on this analysis, an examination was made of several possible methods of inhibiting the occurrence of surging

Late Holocene Lake-level Variation in Southeastern Lake Superior: Tahquamenon Bay, Michigan

Internal architecture and ages of 71 beach ridges in the Tahquamenon Bay embayment along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were studied to generate a late Holocene relative lake-level curve. Establishing a long-term framework is important to examine the context of historic events and help predict potential future changes critical for effective water resource management. Ridges in the embayment formed between about 4,200 and 2,100 calendar years before 1950 (cal. yrs. B.P.) and were created and preserved every 28 ± 4.8 years on average. Groups of three to six beach ridges coupled with inflections in the lake-level curve indicate a history of lake levels fluctuations and outlet changes. A rapid lake-level drop (approximately 4 m) from about 4,100 to 3,800 cal. yrs. B.P. was associated with a fall from the Nipissing II high-water-level phase. A change from a gradual fall to a slight rise was associated with an outlet change from Port Huron, Michigan/Sarnia, Ontario to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan/Ontario. A complete outlet change occurred after the Algoma high-water-level phase (ca. 2,400 cal. yrs. B.P.). Preliminary rates of vertical ground movement calculated from the strandplain are much greater than rates calculated from historical and geologic data. High rates of vertical ground movement could have caused tectonism in the Whitefish Bay area, modifying the strandplain during the past 2,400 years. A tectonic event at or near the Sault outlet also may have been a factor in the outlet change from Port Huron/Sarnia to Sault Ste. Marie