Unstratified bivariate and multivariate analysis of characteristics associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children <15 years (with p < 0.1).

<p>¹ OR (CI), odds ratio (95% confidence interval)</p><p>² Children who cannot hold their head at the age of three months, roll over at the age of 6 months, sit unsupported at the age of 9 months, stand unsupported at the age of 12 months or walk single steps at the age of 18 months</p><p>³ Circulation impaired = cold extremities and/or capillary refill time >2 sec. and/or tachycardia</p><p>⁴ Dehydration ≥dehydration grade 1 (3–5%)</p><p>⁵ Variables <i>developmental delay</i>, <i>exclusive breastfeeding</i> and <i>watery stool</i> were removed from multivariate analysis due to small case number (<300 cases)</p><p>* Predicts failure perfectly</p><p>** No calculation possible due to small case numbers</p><p>Unstratified bivariate and multivariate analysis of characteristics associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children <15 years (with p < 0.1).</p

Parsimonious multivariate regressions model of characteristics positively associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children, stratified for parasite count.

<p>¹ OR (CI), odds ratio (95% confidence interval)</p><p>² Dehydration ≥ grade 1 (3–5%)</p><p>Parsimonious multivariate regressions model of characteristics positively associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children, stratified for parasite count.</p

Bivariate analysis of characteristics associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children <15 years stratified for parasite count (with p < 0.1).

<p>¹ Circulation impaired = cold extremities and/or capillary refill time ≤2 sec. and/or tachycardia</p><p>² Diarrhea >7 days</p><p>³ Dehydration ≥dehydration grade 1 (3–5%)</p><p>⁴ Leukocytosis = white blood cell count ≥10,000/μl; Leukopenia = white blood cell count <4,000/μl</p><p>Bivariate analysis of characteristics associated with bacteremia in parasitemic children <15 years stratified for parasite count (with p < 0.1).</p

Observed prevalence (solid line) and predicted prevalence (dashed line) of intended hospital attendance by symptom along the travel distance to the nearest hospitals, Asante Akim North District, Ghana, 2008.

<p>Observed prevalence (solid line) and predicted prevalence (dashed line) of intended hospital attendance by symptom along the travel distance to the nearest hospitals, Asante Akim North District, Ghana, 2008.</p

Admissions, enrollment, frequencies and percentages of parasitemia/bacteremia.

<p>Admissions, enrollment, frequencies and percentages of parasitemia/bacteremia.</p

Sensitivity and specificity of symptoms for prediction of <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia in different age groups.

<p>Note: Percentage refers to the total number of patients within each age group.</p>a<p>ROF = <i>report of fever</i>;</p>b<p>EBT = <i>elevated body temperature</i>;</p>c<p>NRS = <i>no respiratory symptoms</i>.</p

CART – model for children between 2 and 12 months of age (N = 1304).

<p>¹ Number of patients with the respective combination of variables given by the branches of the decision tree. ² Number of patients positive for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia. ³ Odds Ratio for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia with the combination of variables in comparison to all other combinations.</p

Signs and symptoms and their association with <i>P. falciparum</i> parasitaemia in children.

a<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>malnourished condition</i>.</p>b<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>skin abnormalities</i>, <i>skin rash</i>, <i>skin depigmentation</i> and <i>other skin problem</i>.</p>c<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>vomiting</i> and <i>diarrhoea</i>.</p>d<p>To be positive for this (inverse) variable patients must not present <i>respiratory distress, breathing difficulties, fast breathing, deep breathing, chest indrawing, running nose</i>, blocked nose and <i>cough</i>.</p>e<p>CI: 95% Confidence interval.</p

Enrollment and exclusion of patients for analysis.

<p>^a A patient is defined as an individual visiting the OPD. ^b Case report forms must have information for each variable in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036678#pone-0036678-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> available.</p

Classification and comparison of CART model and IMCI algorithm.

a<p>IMCI-algorithm for identification of children with malaria in high-risk areas: Fever by history of fever or feeling hot/elevated body temperature of ≥37.5°C on admission and/or some palmar pallor.</p>b<p>CART-model: For calculation only those variables were used, which were included in the CART-analysis for the certain age group.</p>c<p>PPV = Positive predictive value.</p>d<p>NPV = Negative predictive value.</p