MOESM3 of Alpha-mangostin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy which count against fatty acid synthase inhibition mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Additional file 3: Figure S3. α-Mangostin inhibited intracellular FAS activity and reduced the amount of free fatty acids. (A) MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 0, 1, 2, and 4 μM α-mangostin for 24 h, then intracellular FAS activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease of absorbance at 340 nm due to oxidation of NADPH. (B) MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 0, 1, 2, and μM α-mangostin for 24 h. Then cells were harvested using trypsin–EDTA, washed twice with PBS. Intracellular fatty acid was determined with a Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit (Bivision) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

MOESM1 of Alpha-mangostin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy which count against fatty acid synthase inhibition mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The effects of α-mangostin on ER stress, autophagy, cell viabilities in MCF-7 cells. (A) MCF-7 cells were treated with 0, 1, 2, and 4 μM α-mangostin for 24 h, and then the relative expression levels of CHOP, BIP, LC3II/LC31 and P62 were analyzed by western blot and were quantified densitometrically with the software ImageJ and calculated according to the reference bands of GAPDH. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01. (B) MCF-7 cells were treated with 4 μm α-mangostin, 5 mM 4PBA, 5 mM 3MA or a combination of them. Cell viabilities were then determined by the CCK-8 assay. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01. (C) MCF-7 cells were treated with/without 4 μm α-mangostin followed 24 h incubation with/without 10 μM PA. Cell viabilities were then determined by the CCK-8 assay. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01

MOESM2 of Alpha-mangostin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy which count against fatty acid synthase inhibition mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Additional file 2: Figure S2. The time-dependent effects of α-mangostin on ER stress and autophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were treated with 4 μm α-mangostin for 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, and then the relative expression levels of CHOP, BIP, LC3II/LC31 and P62 were analyzed by western blot and were quantified densitometrically with the software ImageJ and calculated according to the reference bands of GAPDH. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

One-Pot Green Synthesis of Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ 0D/2D Nanocomposites and Their Application in Noninvasive Point-of-Care Glucose Diagnostics

We report a novel synthesis of Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ zero-dimensional (0D)/two-dimensional (2D) nanocomposites. When bulk MoS₂ is exfoliated in the presence of thiol-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in water, the latter anchor on the exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets because of thiol affinity toward MoS₂, resulting in the Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ nanocomposites. The one-pot reaction, room temperature processing, and use of aqueous solvents make the synthesis process facile and ecofriendly. Because of the unique 0D/2D morphology, Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ nanocomposites show significantly higher peroxidase-like catalytic activity compared to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles or MoS₂ nanosheets alone. The enhanced catalytic activity has been used to detect glucose levels down to 2.4 μM in absorbance measurements. Application toward noninvasive point-of-care glucose diagnostics has been explored by developing paper-based “dip and use” test strips that show colorimetric response in the presence of glucose. To achieve this, Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ nanocomposites along with other active sensing elements are printed onto paper via a desktop inkjet printer and cut into strips. When dipped into solutions of various glucose concentrations, the test strips allow colorimetric detection of glucose concentrations in a qualitative and quantitative manner. To demonstrate practical usage, we have shown that the Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ nanocomposite-based glucose test strips are sufficient to distinguish between normal (healthy) and higher (diabetic) glucose concentrations with the naked eye. Because of the simple and ecofriendly preparation and sensing efficacy with low limit of detection, Fe₃O₄/MoS₂ nanocomposites show promise in noninvasive point-of-care medical diagnostics

Rotational Spectra of Two Hydrogen-Bonded Methyl Salicylate Monohydrates: Relative Stability and Tunneling Motions

The mechanism for the dual fluorescence of methyl salicylate (MS) is a long-standing research topic. Two distinctly different hydrogen-bonded MS–water complexes, one with the carbonyl O and the other with the hydroxy O serving as the hydrogen-bond acceptor, were detected using chirped pulse and cavity-based Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and found to be of comparable stability. This observation provides direct experimental evidence for the previously undetected hydroxy O-bonded isomer, supporting the recently proposed new mechanism for the dual fluorescence of MS in protic solvents. An interesting interplay between the methyl internal rotation and water tunneling motions was also investigated. The existence of an unconventional O···H–C hydrogen-bond was verified using the atoms-in-molecules theory. Thorough searches for the elusive ketoA, a higher energy form of MS, were unsuccessful. This result supports recent theoretical reports that only one MS species exists in the ground state

Table3_Seed Treatment with Diamide and Neonicotinoid Mixtures for Controlling Fall Armyworm on Corn: Toxicity Evaluation, Effects on Plant Growth and Residuality.DOC

The diamides, chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and cyantraniliprole (CYA), have been used as seed treatment agents against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda in China. However, large-scale application of these two insecticides is prohibited because of their high cost. The neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THI), are cheaper and widely used. In this study, we tested the efficacy of CHL + CLO and CYA + THI as seed treatment agents against FAW larvae both in laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the two binary mixtures (both 240 g.a.i.100 kg−1 corn seeds) caused FAW mortality exceeded 84.00% at 14 days after seedling emergence (DAE). The mortality of the binary mixtures were similar to either CHL (300 g.a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds) or CYA (144 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds), but higher than CLO (120 g.a.i.100 Kg−1corn seeds) or THI (180 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds). Two independent field experiments showed that both binary mixtures resulted in above 68.00% control efficacy at 14 DAE, suggesting that these insecticidal combinations could effectively control FAW over a relative long period. In addition, both binary mixtures showed no negative effects on the growth and development of corn seedlings. The residues of binary mixtures in corn leave were also lower at 28 DAE as compared to residues in CHL or CYA alone. Most importantly, the costs of CHL + CLO were reduced up to 50% and CYA + THI up to 20% when compared to singly used chemical. Totally, our results indicated that CHL + CLO and CYA + THI had the same control efficacy as CHL or CYA alone, but with much lower cost.</p

Table2_Seed Treatment with Diamide and Neonicotinoid Mixtures for Controlling Fall Armyworm on Corn: Toxicity Evaluation, Effects on Plant Growth and Residuality.DOCX

The diamides, chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and cyantraniliprole (CYA), have been used as seed treatment agents against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda in China. However, large-scale application of these two insecticides is prohibited because of their high cost. The neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THI), are cheaper and widely used. In this study, we tested the efficacy of CHL + CLO and CYA + THI as seed treatment agents against FAW larvae both in laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the two binary mixtures (both 240 g.a.i.100 kg−1 corn seeds) caused FAW mortality exceeded 84.00% at 14 days after seedling emergence (DAE). The mortality of the binary mixtures were similar to either CHL (300 g.a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds) or CYA (144 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds), but higher than CLO (120 g.a.i.100 Kg−1corn seeds) or THI (180 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds). Two independent field experiments showed that both binary mixtures resulted in above 68.00% control efficacy at 14 DAE, suggesting that these insecticidal combinations could effectively control FAW over a relative long period. In addition, both binary mixtures showed no negative effects on the growth and development of corn seedlings. The residues of binary mixtures in corn leave were also lower at 28 DAE as compared to residues in CHL or CYA alone. Most importantly, the costs of CHL + CLO were reduced up to 50% and CYA + THI up to 20% when compared to singly used chemical. Totally, our results indicated that CHL + CLO and CYA + THI had the same control efficacy as CHL or CYA alone, but with much lower cost.</p

Table1_Seed Treatment with Diamide and Neonicotinoid Mixtures for Controlling Fall Armyworm on Corn: Toxicity Evaluation, Effects on Plant Growth and Residuality.DOCX

The diamides, chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and cyantraniliprole (CYA), have been used as seed treatment agents against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda in China. However, large-scale application of these two insecticides is prohibited because of their high cost. The neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THI), are cheaper and widely used. In this study, we tested the efficacy of CHL + CLO and CYA + THI as seed treatment agents against FAW larvae both in laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the two binary mixtures (both 240 g.a.i.100 kg−1 corn seeds) caused FAW mortality exceeded 84.00% at 14 days after seedling emergence (DAE). The mortality of the binary mixtures were similar to either CHL (300 g.a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds) or CYA (144 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds), but higher than CLO (120 g.a.i.100 Kg−1corn seeds) or THI (180 g a.i.100 kg−1corn seeds). Two independent field experiments showed that both binary mixtures resulted in above 68.00% control efficacy at 14 DAE, suggesting that these insecticidal combinations could effectively control FAW over a relative long period. In addition, both binary mixtures showed no negative effects on the growth and development of corn seedlings. The residues of binary mixtures in corn leave were also lower at 28 DAE as compared to residues in CHL or CYA alone. Most importantly, the costs of CHL + CLO were reduced up to 50% and CYA + THI up to 20% when compared to singly used chemical. Totally, our results indicated that CHL + CLO and CYA + THI had the same control efficacy as CHL or CYA alone, but with much lower cost.</p