The secant stiffness versus lateral horizontal displacement.

The secant stiffness versus lateral horizontal displacement.</p

The fabrication process of the specimen.

(a) Steel meshes welding; (b) Reinforcements tying; (c) Concrete casting.</p

Test set-up.

(a) Photo of test set-up; (b) Sketch of the test set-up.</p

Summary of test results of specimens.

Summary of test results of specimens.</p

Schematic diagram of energy dissipation ratio.

Schematic diagram of energy dissipation ratio.</p

Final cracking patterns of all specimens.

(a) CWS-1; (b) CWS-2; (c) CWS-3; (d) CWS-4; (e) CWS-5; (f) CWS-6; (g) CWS-7. (Drift ratio refers to the ratio of horizontal displacement to wall height).</p

Summary of material properties.

Summary of material properties.</p

The yield point determined with R. Park method.

The yield point determined with R. Park method.</p

Final cracking patterns of all specimens.

(a) CWS-1; (b) CWS-2; (c) CWS-3; (d) CWS-4; (e) CWS-5; (f) CWS-6; (g) CWS-7.</p

Layout of reinforcement (unit: mm).

Layout of reinforcement (unit: mm).</p