A Review for Life-history Traits Variation in Frogs Especially for Anurans in China

Environmental variation can promote differentiation in life-history traits in species of anurans. Increased environmental stress usually results in larger age at sexual maturity, older mean age, longer longevity, slower growth, larger body size, and a shift in reproductive allocation from offspring quantity to quality, and a stronger trade-off between offspring size and number. However, previous studies have suggested that there are inconsistent geographical variations in life-history traits among anuran species in China. Hence, we here review the intraspecific patterns and differences in life-history traits (i.e., egg size, clutch size, testes size, sperm length, age at sexual maturity, longevity, body size and sexual size dimorphism) among different populations within species along geographical gradients for anurans in China in recent years. We also provide future directions for studying difference in sperm performance between longer and shorter sperm within a species through transplant experiments and the relationships between metabolic rate and brain size and life-history

How hibernation in frogs drives brain and reproductive evolution in opposite directions

Environmental seasonality can promote the evolution of larger brains through cognitive and behavioral flexibility but can also hamper it when temporary food shortage is buffered by stored energy. Multiple hypotheses linking brain evolution with resource acquisition and allocation have been proposed for warm-blooded organisms, but it remains unclear how these extend to cold-blooded taxa whose metabolism is tightly linked to ambient temperature. Here, we integrated these hypotheses across frogs and toads in the context of varying brumation (hibernation) durations and their environmental correlates. We showed that protracted brumation covaried negatively with brain size but positively with reproductive investment, likely in response to brumation-dependent changes in the socio-ecological context and associated selection on different tissues. Our results provide novel insights into resource allocation strategies and possible constraints in trait diversification, which may have important implications for the adaptability of species under sustained environmental change

VW-PINNs: A volume weighting method for PDE residuals in physics-informed neural networks

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have shown remarkable prospects in the solving the forward and inverse problems involving partial differential equations (PDEs). The method embeds PDEs into the neural network by calculating PDE loss at a series of collocation points, providing advantages such as meshfree and more convenient adaptive sampling. However, when solving PDEs using nonuniform collocation points, PINNs still face challenge regarding inefficient convergence of PDE residuals or even failure. In this work, we first analyze the ill-conditioning of the PDE loss in PINNs under nonuniform collocation points. To address the issue, we define volume-weighted residual and propose volume-weighted physics-informed neural networks (VW-PINNs). Through weighting the PDE residuals by the volume that the collocation points occupy within the computational domain, we embed explicitly the spatial distribution characteristics of collocation points in the residual evaluation. The fast and sufficient convergence of the PDE residuals for the problems involving nonuniform collocation points is guaranteed. Considering the meshfree characteristics of VW-PINNs, we also develop a volume approximation algorithm based on kernel density estimation to calculate the volume of the collocation points. We verify the universality of VW-PINNs by solving the forward problems involving flow over a circular cylinder and flow over the NACA0012 airfoil under different inflow conditions, where conventional PINNs fail; By solving the Burgers' equation, we verify that VW-PINNs can enhance the efficiency of existing the adaptive sampling method in solving the forward problem by 3 times, and can reduce the relative error of conventional PINNs in solving the inverse problem by more than one order of magnitude

Spin chirality fluctuation in two-dimensional ferromagnets with perpendicular anisotropy

Non-coplanar spin textures with scalar spin chirality can generate effective magnetic field that deflects the motion of charge carriers, resulting in topological Hall effect (THE), a powerful probe of the ground state and low-energy excitations of correlated systems. However, spin chirality fluctuation in two-dimensional ferromagnets with perpendicular anisotropy has not been considered in prior studies. Herein, we report direct evidence of universal spin chirality fluctuation by probing the THE above the transition temperatures in two different ferromagnetic ultra-thin films, SrRuO$_3$ and V doped Sb$_2$Te$_3$. The temperature, magnetic field, thickness, and carrier type dependences of the THE signal, along with our Monte-Carlo simulations, unambiguously demonstrate that the spin chirality fluctuation is a universal phenomenon in two-dimensional Ising ferromagnets. Our discovery opens a new paradigm of exploring the spin chirality with topological Hall transport in two-dimensional magnets and beyondComment: accepted by nature material

Microhabitat Segregation of Parapatric Frogs in the Qinling Mountains

Coexistence mechanisms for species with similar ecological traits and overlapping geographic distributions are basic questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. Specific habitat requirements often limit distribution range as well as facilitate partitioning resource utilization in ecological similar species. Understanding niche segregation and differences in microhabitat utilization can contribute to identifying coexistence mechanisms between parapatric species. Feirana quadranus and F. taihangnica are two closely related frog species with parapatric geographic ranges and an elongated contact zone within the Qinling Mountains, which is an important watershed for East Asia. Here, we analysed the difference in microhabitat utilization between the two frog species and explored the key ecological factors that induced their microhabitat differentiation based on quadrats sampled in the contact zone. Our comparison of twenty environmental variables showed that both species used microhabitats with alkalescent warm water and gentle slope conditions. The principal component analysis indicated that climate-related variables, vegetation conditions, and river width were the important factors for microhabitat utilization of these species. These findings contribute to our understanding on the coexistence mechanisms of these two related and parapatric Asian mountain frog species. This study can also be helpful for identifying target habitats to conduct conservation actions and management strategies effectively in the face of environmental changes

ARHI (DIRAS 3), an Imprinted Tumor Suppressor Gene, Binds to Importins, and Blocks Nuclear Translocation of Stat3

ARHI (DIRAS3) is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene whose expression is lost in the majority of breast and ovarian cancers. Unlike its homologs Ras and Rap, ARHI functions as a tumor suppressor. Our previous study showed that ARHI can interact with transcription activator Stat3 and inhibit its nuclear translocation in human breast and ovarian cancer cells. To identify proteins that interact with ARHI in nuclear translocation, we have performed proteomic analysis and identified several importins that can associate with ARHI. To further explore this novel finding, we have purified 10 GST-importin fusion proteins (importin 7, 8, 13, b1, a1, a3, a5, a6, a7 as well as mutant a1). Using a GST-pull down assay, we found that ARHI can bind strongly to most importins; however, its binding is significantly reduced with an importin a1 mutant which contains an altered nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain. In addition, an ARHI N-terminal deletion mutant (NTD) exhibits much less binding to all importins than does wild type ARHI ARHI and NTD proteins were purified and tested for their ability to inhibit nuclear importation of proteins in HeLa cells. ARHI protein inhibits interaction of Ran-importin complexes with GFP fusion proteins that contain an NLS domain and a beta-like import receptor binding domain, blocking their nuclear localization. Addition of ARHI also blocked nuclear localization of phosphorylated Stat3β. By GST-pull down assays, we found that ARHI could compete for Ran-importins binding. Thus, ARHI-induced disruption of importin binding to cargo proteins including Stat3 could serve as an important regulatory mechanism that contributes to the tumor suppressor function of ARHI

Optimization of the control performance of a novel 3/2 water proportional directional valve with a special position following servo mechanism

The 3/2 water proportional directional valve (PDV) is an important hydraulic component to ensure a precise, low impact, and safety control of hydraulic powered roof support, which has been a technical challenge facing to coal mining industry for many years. To address this issue, a new 3/2 water PDV is developed. The valve includes a novel three-core follow-up servo mechanism consisting of three key components: the pilot inlet valve, the pilot outlet valve, and the main inlet spool. This mechanism enables precise and reliable opening, and closing capacity of the valve. The prototype is manufactured and the performance test is conducted to improve the control performance of the new water PDV. During the test, two significant discoveries are made. First, it is determined that the control chamber of the main inlet spool must be in the predischarge state at the initial time to ensure adequate closing capacity of the new valve during the returning process. Second, it is found that the continuous small-step control mode can better cope with the friction and is more effective in achieving quick and smooth following characteristics of the three valve cores in the opening process, compared with the ramp control mode

End-to-end Task-oriented Dialogue: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directions

End-to-end task-oriented dialogue (EToD) can directly generate responses in an end-to-end fashion without modular training, which attracts escalating popularity. The advancement of deep neural networks, especially the successful use of large pre-trained models, has further led to significant progress in EToD research in recent years. In this paper, we present a thorough review and provide a unified perspective to summarize existing approaches as well as recent trends to advance the development of EToD research. The contributions of this paper can be summarized: (1) \textbf{\textit{First survey}}: to our knowledge, we take the first step to present a thorough survey of this research field; (2) \textbf{\textit{New taxonomy}}: we first introduce a unified perspective for EToD, including (i) \textit{Modularly EToD} and (ii) \textit{Fully EToD}; (3) \textbf{\textit{New Frontiers}}: we discuss some potential frontier areas as well as the corresponding challenges, hoping to spur breakthrough research in EToD field; (4) \textbf{\textit{Abundant resources}}: we build a public website\footnote{We collect the related papers, baseline projects, and leaderboards for the community at \url{https://etods.net/}.}, where EToD researchers could directly access the recent progress. We hope this work can serve as a thorough reference for the EToD research community.Comment: Accepted at EMNLP202