Tuning Alkyl Chain Lengths of Oxasmaragdyrins-B(OR)₂ for Optimizing Hole-Transport and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells

A major challenge toward commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the development of cost-effective hole-transport materials (HTMs) with good hole mobility and long-term stability. Porphyrinoids such as metal-free oxasmaragdyrins as alternative HTMs in PSCs show promising power conversion at lower costs. In this study, a difluoroboryl oxasmaragdyrin, SM09, has been modified by introducing alkoxy chains with different chain lengths (methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), butoxy (OBu), and octyloxy (OOct)) at the central core position, affecting molecular packing, varying intermolecular distances, and consequently altering the hole mobility. These modified oxasmaragdyrins were used as HTMs for the planar PSCs. The device performance was evaluated and correlated with the alkyl chain length and was rationalized by photophysical characterizations. The device efficiencies decrease with an increase in the alkyl chain length from the highest PCE of 15.47% for SM-OMe to 13.35% for SM-OOct. The best performance was obtained in SM-OMe, due to its higher hole mobility (3.75 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1) and stronger p-type character. In the future, a simple tuning of alkyl chain length at central core positions of oxasmaragdyrin HTMs can be an effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs

Tuning Alkyl Chain Lengths of Oxasmaragdyrins-B(OR)₂ for Optimizing Hole-Transport and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells

A major challenge toward commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the development of cost-effective hole-transport materials (HTMs) with good hole mobility and long-term stability. Porphyrinoids such as metal-free oxasmaragdyrins as alternative HTMs in PSCs show promising power conversion at lower costs. In this study, a difluoroboryl oxasmaragdyrin, SM09, has been modified by introducing alkoxy chains with different chain lengths (methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), butoxy (OBu), and octyloxy (OOct)) at the central core position, affecting molecular packing, varying intermolecular distances, and consequently altering the hole mobility. These modified oxasmaragdyrins were used as HTMs for the planar PSCs. The device performance was evaluated and correlated with the alkyl chain length and was rationalized by photophysical characterizations. The device efficiencies decrease with an increase in the alkyl chain length from the highest PCE of 15.47% for SM-OMe to 13.35% for SM-OOct. The best performance was obtained in SM-OMe, due to its higher hole mobility (3.75 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1) and stronger p-type character. In the future, a simple tuning of alkyl chain length at central core positions of oxasmaragdyrin HTMs can be an effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs

Tuning Alkyl Chain Lengths of Oxasmaragdyrins-B(OR)₂ for Optimizing Hole-Transport and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells

A major challenge toward commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the development of cost-effective hole-transport materials (HTMs) with good hole mobility and long-term stability. Porphyrinoids such as metal-free oxasmaragdyrins as alternative HTMs in PSCs show promising power conversion at lower costs. In this study, a difluoroboryl oxasmaragdyrin, SM09, has been modified by introducing alkoxy chains with different chain lengths (methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), butoxy (OBu), and octyloxy (OOct)) at the central core position, affecting molecular packing, varying intermolecular distances, and consequently altering the hole mobility. These modified oxasmaragdyrins were used as HTMs for the planar PSCs. The device performance was evaluated and correlated with the alkyl chain length and was rationalized by photophysical characterizations. The device efficiencies decrease with an increase in the alkyl chain length from the highest PCE of 15.47% for SM-OMe to 13.35% for SM-OOct. The best performance was obtained in SM-OMe, due to its higher hole mobility (3.75 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1) and stronger p-type character. In the future, a simple tuning of alkyl chain length at central core positions of oxasmaragdyrin HTMs can be an effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs

Tuning Alkyl Chain Lengths of Oxasmaragdyrins-B(OR)₂ for Optimizing Hole-Transport and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells

A major challenge toward commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the development of cost-effective hole-transport materials (HTMs) with good hole mobility and long-term stability. Porphyrinoids such as metal-free oxasmaragdyrins as alternative HTMs in PSCs show promising power conversion at lower costs. In this study, a difluoroboryl oxasmaragdyrin, SM09, has been modified by introducing alkoxy chains with different chain lengths (methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), butoxy (OBu), and octyloxy (OOct)) at the central core position, affecting molecular packing, varying intermolecular distances, and consequently altering the hole mobility. These modified oxasmaragdyrins were used as HTMs for the planar PSCs. The device performance was evaluated and correlated with the alkyl chain length and was rationalized by photophysical characterizations. The device efficiencies decrease with an increase in the alkyl chain length from the highest PCE of 15.47% for SM-OMe to 13.35% for SM-OOct. The best performance was obtained in SM-OMe, due to its higher hole mobility (3.75 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1) and stronger p-type character. In the future, a simple tuning of alkyl chain length at central core positions of oxasmaragdyrin HTMs can be an effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs

Tuning Alkyl Chain Lengths of Oxasmaragdyrins-B(OR)₂ for Optimizing Hole-Transport and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells

A major challenge toward commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the development of cost-effective hole-transport materials (HTMs) with good hole mobility and long-term stability. Porphyrinoids such as metal-free oxasmaragdyrins as alternative HTMs in PSCs show promising power conversion at lower costs. In this study, a difluoroboryl oxasmaragdyrin, SM09, has been modified by introducing alkoxy chains with different chain lengths (methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), butoxy (OBu), and octyloxy (OOct)) at the central core position, affecting molecular packing, varying intermolecular distances, and consequently altering the hole mobility. These modified oxasmaragdyrins were used as HTMs for the planar PSCs. The device performance was evaluated and correlated with the alkyl chain length and was rationalized by photophysical characterizations. The device efficiencies decrease with an increase in the alkyl chain length from the highest PCE of 15.47% for SM-OMe to 13.35% for SM-OOct. The best performance was obtained in SM-OMe, due to its higher hole mobility (3.75 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1) and stronger p-type character. In the future, a simple tuning of alkyl chain length at central core positions of oxasmaragdyrin HTMs can be an effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs

Microfluidic Biosensor Decorated with an Indium Phosphate Nanointerface for Attomolar Dopamine Detection

Developing functional materials that directly integrate into miniaturized devices for sensing applications is essential for constructing the next-generation point-of-care system. Although crystalline structure materials such as metal organic frameworks are attractive materials exhibiting promising potential for biosensing, their integration into miniaturized devices is limited. Dopamine (DA) is a major neurotransmitter released by dopaminergic neurons and has huge implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Integrated microfluidic biosensors capable of sensitive monitoring of DA from mass-limited samples is thus of significant importance. In this study, we developed and systematically characterized a microfluidic biosensor functionalized with the hybrid material composed of indium phosphate and polyaniline nanointerfaces for DA detection. Under the flowing operation, this biosensor displays a linear dynamic sensing range going from 10–18 to 10–11 M and a limit of detection (LOD) value of 1.83 × 10–19 M. In addition to the high sensitivity, this microfluidic sensor showed good selectivity toward DA and high stability (>1000 cycles). Further, the reliability and practical utility of the microfluidic biosensor were demonstrated using the neuro-2A cells treated with the activator, promoter, and inhibiter. These promising results underscore the importance and potential of microfluidic biosensors integrated with hybrid materials as advanced biosensors systems