Data_Sheet_1_Seasonal and Soil Microbiota Effects on the Adaptive Strategies of Wild Goitered Gazelles Based on the Gut Microbiota.docx

Seasonal variation in extreme environments is a threat to endangered species. The gut microbiota is important in the adaptive strategies of wild herbivores, and herbivores will contact the soil microbiota when they are feeding. However, there are no studies about the effects of soil microbiota on the gut microbiota of wild herbivores. Understanding the seasonal adaptive strategies of wild herbivores based on their gut microbiota and the effects of soil microbiota on the herbivorous gut microbiota is indispensable for making optimal conservation recommendations. To address those issues, we compared the diversity and functions of gut microbiota in goitered gazelles between winter and summer with a non-invasive fecal sampling method from the Qaidam Basin based on 16S rRNA V3–V4 regions. The data showed that seasonal variations caused the significant changes in gut microbiota at α-and β-diversity levels. The main gut microbial function was “Metabolism.” It showed significant seasonal changes. The goitered gazelles adapted to the seasonal changes by increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Christensenellaceae, Bacteroides and the function about “Metabolism” in the winter to improve the adaptability. We also compared the effects of soil microbiota on the gut microbiota between winter and summer, covering source tracking analysis and the seasonal differences in ecological assembly processes. The contribution of soil microbiota on the gut microbiota of goitered gazelles was 5.3095% and 15.6347% in winter and summer, respectively, which was greater than on species of animals living underground. Seasonal variation also influenced the ecological processes of microbiota both in the gut and soil. Due to the differences in environments, the ecological processes between fecal microbiota and soil microbiota showed significant differences, and they were dominated by stochastic processes and deterministic processes, respectively. The soil microbiota has contributed to the gut microbiota, but not a decisive factor. Our research laid the foundation on the seasonal and soil microbiota effects on the adaptive strategies of goitered gazelles, and is the first study to explain the soil microbiota influence on the gut microbiota of wild herbivores.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Intergenerational transmission of parental risky health behaviors in Chinese children: Are there socioeconomic status differences?.ZIP

BackgroundRisky health behaviors in childhood, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and having a poor diet, are the major sources of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to examine how parents affect children's risky health behaviors and whether intergenerational transmission differs based on socioeconomic status (SES).MethodsData were extracted from the 1991–2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Smoking (n = 5,946), alcohol consumption (n = 7,821), and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption (n = 3,537) were used as proxies for risky health behaviors in children. A binary choice model for panel data with a random-effect specification was employed to examine whether risky health behaviors can be transmitted from parents to their children. Subsequently, we conducted a seemingly unrelated estimation test (SUEST) to explore the differences in parental transmission between the different SES groups.ResultsWe found strong intergenerational persistence of smoking, alcohol drinking, and SSBs drinking behaviors, except for the mothers' smoking behavior. Mothers had a greater influence on children's alcohol drinking and SSBs drinking behaviors than fathers both in urban and rural areas and in different SES groups. The intergenerational transmission of SSBs drinking behavior exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing SES for both urban and rural families. In urban areas, mothers' alcohol drinking behavior has a decreasing trend with increasing education level, occupation, and income; however, in rural areas, the influence of mothers' alcohol drinking behavior occurred in the same direction with increasing education level and occupation type. In rural areas, the influence of fathers' drinking and smoking behaviors on children appears to mostly increase with increasing SES. Meanwhile, the influence of such behaviors among urban fathers would decrease with increasing SES.ConclusionParents' behaviors and SES can influence the initiation of risky health behaviors in their offspring. Thus, to promote healthy behaviors, policymakers can introduce health education programs for parents, particularly for those living in rural areas and with a low SES.</p

ROI analyses of the rsFC between the S1 and visual areas.

<p><b><i>A</i></b> and <b><i>B</i></b>, the mean rsFC of CB (blue bar) and SC (green bar) subjects between intra-hemisphere and intra-hemisphere, respectively. An asterisk represents significantly differences (<i>P</i><0.05, Bonferroni corrected). <b><i>C</i></b>, the defined S1 and visual ROIs. <b><i>D</i></b>, rsFC patterns between S1 and visual areas in the SC. <b><i>E</i></b>, rsFC patterns between S1 and visual areas in the CB. <b><i>F</i></b>, group differences of rsFC between CB and SC subjects. Orange and light blue edges represent positive and negative effects. Blue, red and green nodes represent S1, affected and non-affected visual areas. Compared with SC subjects, CB subjects showed significantly decreased rsFC of the S1 with the early visual areas and the ventral stream ones, with no difference being observed in several higher-tier visual areas.</p

The rsFC patterns within the visual areas in CB and SC subjects.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, the mean rsFC in CB and SC subjects, and group comparisons (<i>P</i><0.05, Bonferroni corrected), in which hot and cool colors represent positive and negative effects, respectively. Color bar represents the log-transformed <i>P</i> value. <b><i>B</i></b>, the rsFC patterns between each pair of the ipsilateral visual areas. <b><i>C</i></b>, The rsFC patterns between each pair of inter-hemispheric visual areas. Orange and light blue lines represent increased and decreased rsFC. Both CB and SC subjects show positive rsFC between visual areas. Significantly increased rsFC between the early (V1 and V2) and several ipsilateral higher-tier visual areas (V8 and LO), while decreased rsFC between inter-hemispheric visual areas are shown in CB subjects.</p

The rsFC maps between the S1 and the visual areas.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, the rsFC map of SC subjects. <b><i>B</i></b>, the rsFC map of CB subjects. <b><i>C</i></b>, the differential maps of rsFC between CB and SC subjects with thresholded at P<0.05 (FDR corrected). The upper and lower panel represents the FC results of the S1 area in the left and right hemisphere, respectively. Compared with SC subjects, CB subjects showed significantly decreased (cool color) rsFC between the S1 and the visual areas, especially the early visual areas (V1 and V2) and the ventral stream (VP and V4v).</p

Data_Sheet_1_Apolipoprotein E ε4 accelerates the longitudinal cerebral atrophy in open access series of imaging studies-3 elders without dementia at enrollment.docx

IntroductionEarly studies have reported that APOE is strongly associated with brain atrophy and cognitive decline among healthy elders and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, previous research has not directly outlined the modulation of APOE on the trajectory of cerebral atrophy with aging during the conversion from cognitive normal (CN) to dementia (CN2D).MethodsThis study tried to elucidate this issue from a voxel-wise whole-brain perspective based on 416 qualified participants from a longitudinal OASIS-3 neuroimaging cohort. A voxel-wise linear mixed-effects model was applied for detecting cerebrum regions whose nonlinear atrophic trajectories were driven by AD conversion and to elucidate the effect of APOE variants on the cerebral atrophic trajectories during the process.ResultsWe found that CN2D participants had faster quadratically accelerated atrophy in bilateral hippocampi than persistent CN. Moreover, APOE ε4 carriers had faster-accelerated atrophy in the left hippocampus than ε4 noncarriers in both CN2D and persistent CN, and CN2D ε4 carriers an noncarriers presented a faster atrophic speed than CN ε4 carriers. These findings could be replicated in a sub-sample with a tough match in demographic information.DiscussionOur findings filled the gap that APOE ε4 accelerates hippocampal atrophy and the conversion from normal cognition to dementia.</p

ROI-based analyses of the cortical thickness between CB and SC subjects.

<p>An asterisk (*) represents significant difference between groups. <b><i>A</i></b> and <b><i>B</i></b>, significant increases in cortical thickness are found in the left V1, V2, V3d and LO, and in the right V1, V2 and VP (<i>P</i><0.05, Bonferroni corrected). <b><i>C</i></b>, percent changes of cortical thickness in CB subjects relative to SC subjects. The cortical thickness is significantly increased in the early visual areas (V1, V2, VP and V3d), but not in several higher-tier visual areas (V3A, V7, MT+ and V8) in CB subjects. <b><i>D</i></b>, visual areas derived from the Human PALS-12 atlas.</p

Mechanism of catalytic ozonation in expanded graphite aqueous suspension for the degradation of organic acids

In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was prepared by the oxidation and intercalation of the natural flake graphite using perchloric acid and potassium permanganate at different expansion temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600°C), and were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). EG prepared at 500°C was found to be highly effective for the mineralization of oxalic acid aqueous solution during ozonation at pH 3, which was ascribed to the formation of hydroxyl radicals from the surface reaction of surface hydroxyl groups on EG with ozone. The performance of expanded graphite in this catalytic system was basically unchanged after three repeated use. The presence of Cl−, SO42−, HPO42−/H2PO4− and NO3− could inhibit the degradation of oxalic acid in catalytic ozonation with EG. Degradations of oxamic acid and pyruvic acid in catalytic ozonation with EG were pH-dependent, which were lower than that of oxalic acid. The degradations of oxalic acid and oxamic acid were identified as mineralization process by the determination of TOC, while pyruvic acid may transform into organic products such as acetic acid by O3/EG. Manganese ion (Mn2+) could promote the degradation of oxalic acid by O3/EG at pH 3 because permanganate was produced by O3/EG in oxalic acid solution and then reacted with oxalic acid readily at acidic pH. Catalytic ozonation by EG exhibited great application potential for the destruction of refractory organic compounds.</p

Demographic information of congenitally blind subjects.

*<p>These two CB subjects were excluded from rest-state functional connectivity analysis for excessive head motion. CB  =  congenitally blind.</p

Western blot analysis of the relative expression of GPLD1 among the four cohorts.

GPLD1 isolated from human plasma was used as a positive control. No significant difference in GPLD1 expression was observed between the LADA and ‘classic’ type 1 diabetes cohorts (P >0.05); however, there were significant differences between the LADA cohort and the type 2 diabetes and normal control cohorts (P<0.05).</p