Functional divisions for visual processing in the central brain of flying Drosophila

Although anatomy is often the first step in assigning functions to neural structures, it is not always clear whether architecturally distinct regions of the brain correspond to operational units. Whereas neuroarchitecture remains relatively static, functional connectivity may change almost instantaneously according to behavioral context. We imaged panneuronal responses to visual stimuli in a highly conserved central brain region in the fruit fly, Drosophila, during flight. In one substructure, the fan-shaped body, automated analysis revealed three layers that were unresponsive in quiescent flies but became responsive to visual stimuli when the animal was flying. The responses of these regions to a broad suite of visual stimuli suggest that they are involved in the regulation of flight heading. To identify the cell types that underlie these responses, we imaged activity in sets of genetically defined neurons with arborizations in the targeted layers. The responses of this collection during flight also segregated into three sets, confirming the existence of three layers, and they collectively accounted for the panneuronal activity. Our results provide an atlas of flight-gated visual responses in a central brain circuit

OpenDocument v1.2 Relax NG Schema

This specification supersedes OASIS OpenDocument v1.1 [ODF11]. This specification consists of this document as well as the following documents, schemas and ontologies

Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles: New Synthetic and Characterization Methods and Catalytic Applications

In this article we describe the synthesis, characterization, and applications of dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs). These materials are synthesized using a template approach in which metal ions are extracted into the interior of dendrimers and then subsequently reduced chemically to yield nearly size-monodisperse particles having diameters in the 1-2 nm range. Monometallic, bimetallic (alloy and core@shell), and semiconductor nanoparticles have been prepared by this route. The dendrimer component of these composites serves not only as a template for preparing the nanoparticle replica, but also as a stabilizer for the nanoparticle. In this perspective, we report on progress in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of these materials since our last review in 2005. Significant advances in the synthesis of core@shell DENs, characterization, and applications to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis (including electrocatalysis) are emphasized.U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences DE-FG02-09ER16090U.S. National Science Foundation 0847957Robert A. Welch Foundation F-0032Chemistr

The Words and Acts of a Black Letter Scholar

Professor Denis Ong was a educator in equity and commercial law for decades at Bond University until in death in 2021. This article canvasses the career of Professor Ong touching on his approach to teaching and assessment; his time as a controversial Head of School at Macquarie Law School in the late 1980s and his published books. The article provides some perspectives about critical legal theory which was pivotal to the difficulties that arose in regard the Macquarie Law School and how it impacted on Professor Ong. The article also provides an analysis of the approach taken by Professor Ong in considering significant areas of equity, property law and commercial law in his own writing style sometimes focussing on what he considered were errors by judges. The black letter approach of Professor Ong is clear in his approach to his writing and analysis of case law. The article outlines a number of reviews for Professor Ong about his nine books all published by Federation Press.</jats:p