Anthropometric and biochemical parameters showing significant correlations with serum A-FABP and NT-proBNP after the 48-week rosiglitazone treatment.

<p><i>β</i>, Standardized regression coefficients.</p>†<p>Pearson correlation analyses were performed.</p><p>*A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, waist circumference, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-c, and NT-proBNP.</p>#<p>A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, BMI, SBP, HDL-c, FPG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, AIR, and A-FABP.</p

Metabonomic Variations in the Drug-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Healthy Volunteers

The pathological development and the drug intervention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involve altered expression of downstream low molecular weight metabolites including lipids and amino acids, and carbohydrates such as glucose. Currently, a small number of markers used for clinical assessment of T2DM treatment may be insufficient to reflect global variations in pathophysiology. In this study, a metabonomic study was performed to determine metabolic variations associated with T2DM and the drug treatments on 74 patients who were newly diagnosed with T2DM and received a 48 week treatment of a single drug, repaglinide, metformin or rosiglitazone. Fasting overnight and 2 h postprandial blood serum of patients were collected at 24 and 48 weeks to monitor the biochemical indices (FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, etc.). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometer coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the alteration of global serum metabolites associated with T2DM as compared to healthy controls and responses to drug treatment. Significantly altered serum metabolites in diabetic subjects include increased valine, maltose, glutamate, urate, butanoate and long-chain fatty acid (C16:0, C18:1, C18:0, octadecanoate and arachidonate), and decreased glucuronolactone, lysine and lactate. All of the three treatments were able to down-regulate the high level of glutamate to a lower level in serum of T2DM patients, but rosiglitazone treatment was able to reverse more abnormal levels of metabolites, such as valine, lysine, glucuronolactone, C16:0, C18:1, urate, and octadecanoate, suggesting that it is more efficient to alter the metabolism of T2DM patients than the other two drugs

The association of metabolic syndrome with albuminuria and retinopathy.

<p>Model 1, adjusted for age and sex. Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, and all other metabolic components. CI, confidence interval. IGR, impaired glucose regulation.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05,</p><p>**<i>P</i><0.01.BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;HDL, high density lipoprotein; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; MetS, metabolic syndrome.</p

Clinical characteristics of study subjects.

<p>Data are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). AIR: acute insulin response; BMI: body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance; HOMA-B%: homeostasis model assessment index of beta cell function; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.</p>†<p>Log transformed before analysis.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.01 vs. baseline.</p

Changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters showing significant correlations with changes in serum A-FABP and NT-proBNP during the 48-week rosiglitazone treatment.

<p>Δ, differences between after and before treatment.</p><p><i>β</i>, Standardized regression coefficients.</p>†<p>Pearson correlation analyses were performed.</p><p>*A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, Δ waist circumference, Δ TG, Δ HDL-c, and Δ NT-proBNP.</p>#<p>A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, Δ BMI, Δ fasting insulin, Δ HOMA-B%, and Δ A-FABP.</p

Anthropometric and biochemical parameters showing significant correlations with serum A-FABP and NT-proBNP at baseline.

<p><i>β</i>, Standardized regression coefficients.</p>†<p>Pearson correlation analyses were performed.</p><p>*A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, waist circumference, BMI, and LDL-c.</p>#<p>A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed. Variables included in the original model are age, gender, SBP, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and AIR.</p

Serum A-FABP and NT-proBNP concentrtions at baseline and after 24 and 48 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy in 84 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.

<p>Data are median with interquartile range. A: Serum A-FABP levels at baseline and after 24 and 48 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy were 0.8 (0.4–1.3) ng/ml, 2.5 (1.4–3.9) ng/ml, and 5.0 (2.7–9.7) ng/ml for all patients, 0.7 (0.3–1.2) ng/ml, 2.5 (1.4–3.8) ng/ml, and 3.9 (2.4–8.1) ng/ml for men, and 0.9 (0.7–1.5) ng/ml, 2.6 (1.7–6.4) ng/ml, and 8.0 (4.0–12.4) ng/ml for women. B: Serum NT-proBNP levels at baseline and after 24 and 48 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy were 11.1 (5.0–30.3) ng/l, 17.6 (7.8–37.6) ng/l, and 20.0 (9.4–40.9) ng/l for all subjects, 9.7 (5.0–24.2) ng/l, 14.2 (5.3–32.3) ng/l, and 16.0 (6.7–30.1) ng/l for men, and 17.2 (9.0–39.2) ng/l, 30.7 (17.3–51.9) ng/l, and 46.1 (19.4–65.7) ng/l for women. * <i>P</i><0.01 versus baseline. ** <i>P</i><0.001 versus baseline. # <i>P</i><0.001 versus 24 weeks.</p

Contribution of cumulative metabolic components in albuminuria and retinopathy.

<p>CI, confidence interval.</p

Sensitivity analysis for estimated effect (continuous outcomes) of intervention compared with control.

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Frequency of albuminuria and/or retinopathy in subjects with or without various definitions of metabolic syndrome.

<p>MetS, metabolic syndrome.</p