Efficient Excitation and Active Control of Propagating Graphene Plasmons with a Spatially Engineered Graphene Nanoantenna

Graphene plasmons (GPs) are of great importance in photonics and optoelectronics due to ultrahigh near-field confinement and enhancement. However, the large momentum mismatch between GPs and incident light hinders the efficient excitation of GPs. Conventional excitation schemes, such as prism coupling, grating coupling, and resonant metal antennae, go against the tunability and multifunction of the GP device. Here, we numerically demonstrate the efficient excitation and active control of propagating GPs in a resonant graphene nanoantenna (GNA)-based GP launcher. The resonant GNA provides high-momentum near-field components to match the wavevector of GPs, and the excitation efficiency is significantly enhanced by the quarter-wavelength condition in a reflective configuration. Furthermore, the propagating behavior of GPs is gate-tunable with a GNA. Using spatially engineered GNAs, a tunable directional GP launcher with an extinction ratio of larger than 1000 is achieved. Moreover, we design a vertically crossed GNA-based propagating GP launcher that can serve as the incident polarization information recording. Finally, some graphene plasmonic circuits at the nanoscale, such as a GP waveguide, splitter, and prism, are realized using spatial conductivity patterns in graphene. The efficient excitation and flexible control of propagating GPs with engineered GNAs associated with the spatial conductivity patterns in graphene provide a gate-tunable and multifunctional platform for nanoscale graphene plasmonic devices

Statistics of SNPv numbers of different types.

<p>Statistics of SNPv numbers of different types.</p

GO analysis of genes neighboring SNPr rich regions.

<p>GO analysis of genes neighboring SNPr rich regions.</p

The possible relation of ROS, DNA methylation, SNPv and SNPr.

<p>The possible relation of ROS, DNA methylation, SNPv and SNPr.</p

Numbers of methylation reads in SNPv rich region.

<p>Numbers of methylation reads in SNPv rich region.</p

GO analysis of genes containing chip-SNP, SS-SNPv and ST-SNPv.

<p>GO analysis of genes containing chip-SNP, SS-SNPv and ST-SNPv.</p

Salt tolerance index and numbers of SNPv in different varieties.

<p>Salt tolerance index and numbers of SNPv in different varieties.</p

Distribution on the chromosomes of SNPv of eight varieties and chip SNP.

<p>1~4: the salt sensitive varieties: Hengmian3, GK50, Xinyan96-48, ZhongS9612; 5~8: the salt tolerant varieties: CRI35, Zhong9807, CRI 44, Kanghuangwei164; 9: Illumina Cotton SNP 70K Chip.</p

Mining and Analysis of SNP in Response to Salinity Stress in Upland Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) - Fig 5

<p>Locations (a) and distribution (b) of SNPr in different chromosomes. The boxes in Fig 5A are the rich region of SNPr.</p