Far-field model of two-color laser driven terahertz radiation including field element interference and plasma response

The two-color laser field scheme for broad-band terahertz (THz) radiation from air has been intensively and broadly investigated due to the simplicity in technology and relative high yield efficiency. Experiments showed that the detected THz angular distribution is usually conical with a dip in the laser propagation axis which is unfavorable for its application, and the formation of an oscillating tail in the THz waveform has not yet been well understood. Here, we develop an electric field element interference model in which each local current source has a phase velocity determined by the laser pulse and a Gaussian temporal profile, rather than an ideal point source, as well as the current oscillation caused by the plasma dynamics is considered. By introducing the temporal interference, effects of the phase velocity and the Gaussian profile of the current can correct the THz angular distribution. Therefore, by adjusting the laser pulse duration and the group velocity, the THz angular distribution can be controlled and the dip could be even eliminated. Besides, the plasma dynamics can result in the formation of an oscillating tail in the THz waveform and sunken spikes in the corresponding spectrum. This is similar to the experimental results which are usually explained by the water vapor absorption. In turn, the spikes in the spectrum could provide a way to measure the plasma filament density

Mitochondrial genome sequences retrieved from GenBank for this study.

<p>Mitochondrial genome sequences retrieved from GenBank for this study.</p

DataSheet1_A Risk-Based Approach for Managing Aquaculture Used Oxytetracycline-Induced TetR in Surface Water Across Taiwan Regions.pdf

Oxytetracycline (OTC), one of the most important antibiotics in aquaculture industry, has been linked to emergence of antibiotic resistant genes in the aquatic environment. Given rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and unregulated use of antibiotics, it is necessary to implement measures to mitigate the impact of antibiotic resistance risk on environmental and human health. However, there is a lack of quantitative models to properly assess risk of antibiotic resistance associated with environmentally relevant antibiotic residues. To address this issue, here we developed a computational framework to assess antibiotic resistance risk posed by low-concentration OTC in aquaculture ponds and rivers across Taiwan regions. To this end, estimated amount of aquaculture used OTC as a crucial input parameter was incorporated into a multimedia fugacity model to predict environmental concentrations of OTC in surface water/sediment. A pharmacodynamic-based dose–response model was used to characterize the OTC concentration–antibiotic resistance relationships. The risk of antibiotic resistance selection in an aquatic environment could be assessed based on a probabilistic risk model. We also established a control measure model to manage the risks of substantial OTC-induced antibiotic resistance impacts. We found that OTC residues were likely to pose a high risk of tetracycline resistance (tetR) genes selection in aquaculture ponds among all the study basins, whereas risk of tetR genes selection in rivers experienced a variably changing fashion. We also showed that it was extremely difficult to moderate the tetR genes selection rates to less than 10% increase in aquaculture ponds situated at northeastern river basins in that the minimum reductions on OTC emission rates during spring, summer, and autumn were greater than 90%. On the other hand, water concentrations of OTC during spring and summer in southwestern rivers should be prioritized to be severely limited by reducing 67 and 25% of OTC emission rate, respectively. Overall, incorporating a computational fugacity model into a risk assessment framework can identify relative higher risk regions to provide the risk-based control strategies for public health decision-making and development of robust quantitative methods to zero-in on environment with high risk of tetR genes selection in relation to aquaculture-used pharmaceutical residues.</p

Spin-polarization effects of an ultrarelativistic electron beam in an ultraintense two-color laser pulse

Spin-polarization effects of an ultrarelativistic electron beam head-on colliding with an ultraintense two-color laser pulse are investigated comprehensively in the quantum radiation-dominated regime. We employ a Monte Carlo method, derived from the recent work of [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 122}, 154801 (2019)], to calculate the spin-resolved electron dynamics and photon emissions in the local constant field approximation. We find that electron radiation probabilities in adjacent half cycles of a two-color laser field are substantially asymmetric due to the asymmetric field strengths, and consequently, after interaction the electron beam can obtain a total polarization of about 11\% and a partial polarization of up to about 63\% because of radiative spin effects, with currently achievable laser facilities, which may be utilized in high-energy physics and nuclear physics. Moreover, the considered effects are shown to be crucially determined by the relative phase of the two-color laser field and robust with respect to other laser and electron beam parameters

AMOVA analysis of genetic variation in five populations of blunt snout bream based on SRAP markers.

<p>Note:</p><p>***Significant at <i>α</i> = 0.001 level.</p><p>AMOVA analysis of genetic variation in five populations of blunt snout bream based on SRAP markers.</p

Nei's unbiased genetic distance (below diagonal) and genetic similarity (above diagonal) among five populations of blunt snout bream.

<p>Nei's unbiased genetic distance (below diagonal) and genetic similarity (above diagonal) among five populations of blunt snout bream.</p

Genetic diversity results for five populations of <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i> based on SRAP markers.

<p>Genetic diversity results for five populations of <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i> based on SRAP markers.</p

Pairwise fixation index values (<i>F</i>_ST) between pairs of blunt snout bream (<i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i>) populations.

<p>Note:</p><p>***Significant at <i>α</i> = 0.001 after sequential Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.</p><p>Pairwise fixation index values (<i>F</i>_ST) between pairs of blunt snout bream (<i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i>) populations.</p

Sampling sites of <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i> in China.

<p>Sample codes are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108967#pone-0108967-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Sampling locations and sample sizes of natural, cultured and genetically selected populations of <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i>.

<p>Sampling locations and sample sizes of natural, cultured and genetically selected populations of <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i>.</p