The Post 1997-Crisis Democratization in South Korea: a Case Study of Industrial Relations

The field research was set to find out the correlations between the 1997 monetary crisis and the process of democratic consolidation in South Korea, especially in term of industrial relations. As complementary components of industrialization; state, business and labors are, by nature, often performed conflicting actions. Like in many other developing countries or newly industrializing countries, South Korea experienced a strong developmental state regime where state has a very tight relation with business group, while their labor policy was badly repressive. But as the 1997 crisis occurred, the three conflicting and competing parties seemed to agree to some points according to solve the problems affected by the crisis. The process of democratic consolidation seems to be swifted because of it. The question of why the crisis seems to swift the democratization needs to be observed by then. The research was started by exploring the cause and impact of the crisis to the three parties. Some facts were found that the 1997 crisis affected all the economic, social and political sectors of the nation, which by any means it became a common threat of the nation. Some strategic recovery programs were set up, some agreement were signed up, and by then the democratic consolidation were being confirmed

Integrasi Dan Fragmentasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam (Studi Kasus: Deforestrasi Di Brazil)

This paper showed that regional autonomy, which gives an opportunity to region to fully manage natural resources, should be placed in the environmental dimension and position as a global issue. Environmental conditions will be increasingly threatened when environment and natural resources management is solely based on compliance income needs. By doing a comparison of natural resources management policies in Brazil, this paper tries to look at the direction and the relation between management of environmental issues and enforcement of regional autonomy in Indonesia. The case study of deforestation in Brazil show that environmental damage which occurs as a result of natural resources management (forest products) is not only a regional issue in Brazil, but also a national issue, even global issue. This example can be used as a comparison to determine how far regional autonomy should take cares natural resources issue like what happened in Brazil. Regional autonomy is the most fragmented efforts to natural resources, while the globally core of management is integrative efforts

China Versus China: Contending Nationalisms in the Twenty First Century Asia

This paper is set to find out whether the competition of Sino-Nationalism will have been influenced by the mutual benefit of their economics relations rather than by the historical hard-line military power. Post-Cold War era has shifted the ideological issue from capitalism/liberalism versus socialism/communism model to nation-wide economic welfare competition which made People's Republic of China (PRC) to redefine their national entity towards its contending part, the nationalist Republic of China (RoC). While Sino-American relations may have warmed under the Taiwan's new administration and the increasing role which Taiwan plays in Mainland China economics may have been well noted, may still lead to an undesired conflict

Supranational Governance in Changing Societies of European Union in the Last Decade

As a supranational organization The European Union (EU) seems to compete the UN's reputations.UNO has more members since its scope is worldly, but UN does not issue its own currency while EUhas Euro. The Euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currencyin the world after the United States dollar. The currency is also used in a further many Europeancountries and consequently used daily by some 332 million Europeans. Additionally, over 175 millionpeople worldwide - including 150 million people in Africa - use currencies which are pegged to theEuro. No other transnational organization has such a specific currency. Although not as a unifiedmilitary conventional power, EU has such a “Battlegroups” initiative, each of which is planned to beable to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missionsfrom Africa to the former Yugoslavia and the Middle East. EU military operations are supported by anumber of bodies, including the European Defense Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and theEuropean Union Military Staff. In an EU consisting of 27 members, substantial security and defensecooperation is increasingly relying on great power cooperation.Despite those organizational strengths,only 27 of 57 European states are members of EU. And only 17 of 27 EU state members are usingEuro is their official currency. One prominent EU member like British stay tough with their ownPound-sterling.This paper is set to learn more about: why as a Europe continent based organization,EU state members are still less than half of European states? And why only 17 EU state members areusing Euro as their official currency

Supranational Governance in Changing Societies of European Union in the Last Decade

As a supranational organization The European Union (EU) seems to compete the UN’s reputations.UNO has more members since its scope is worldly, but UN does not issue its own currency while EUhas Euro. The Euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currencyin the world after the United States dollar. The currency is also used in a further many Europeancountries and consequently used daily by some 332 million Europeans. Additionally, over 175 millionpeople worldwide - including 150 million people in Africa - use currencies which are pegged to theEuro. No other transnational organization has such a specific currency. Although not as a unifiedmilitary conventional power, EU has such a “Battlegroups” initiative, each of which is planned to beable to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missionsfrom Africa to the former Yugoslavia and the Middle East. EU military operations are supported by anumber of bodies, including the European Defense Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and theEuropean Union Military Staff. In an EU consisting of 27 members, substantial security and defensecooperation is increasingly relying on great power cooperation.Despite those organizational strengths,only 27 of 57 European states are members of EU. And only 17 of 27 EU state members are usingEuro is their official currency. One prominent EU member like British stay tough with their ownPound-sterling.This paper is set to learn more about: why as a Europe continent based organization,EU state members are still less than half of European states? And why only 17 EU state members areusing Euro as their official currency

The Post 1997-Crisis Democratization In South Korea: A Case Study of Industrial Relations

The field research was set to find out the correlations between the 1997 monetary crisis and the process of democratic consolidation in South Korea, especially in term of industrial relations. As complementary components of industrialization; state, business and labors are, by nature, often performed conflicting actions. Like in many other developing countries or newly industrializing countries, South Korea experienced a strong developmental state regime where state has a very tight relation with business group, while their labor policy was badly repressive. But as the 1997 crisis occurred, the three conflicting and competing parties seemed to agree to some points according to solve the problems affected by the crisis. The process of democratic consolidation seems to be swifted because of it. The question of why the crisis seems to swift the democratization needs to be observed by then. The research was started by exploring the cause and impact of the crisis to the three parties. Some facts were found that the 1997 crisis affected all the economic, social and political sectors of the nation, which by any means it became a common threat of the nation. Some strategic recovery programs were set up, some agreement were signed up, and by then the democratic consolidation were being confirmed

THE PROBLEMATICS OF ASSOCIATION SOUTHEAST ASIA NATION WITHIN HANDLING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME SMUGGLING DRUCK TRAFICKKING

Purpose of the study: This article describes the transnational crime smuggling druck trafficking smuggling literature, Southeast Asia, with Mauri trading of the BNN exciting routes to be depicted in the Southeast Asian region, more in this article will explain the trade routes and perspectives of countries that produce transit and marketing. Methodology: The method of research with qualitative descriptive approaches with interviews, documentation of crime action expressed by Southeast Asian communities. First interviews data taken from the UN through a UN organization in the counter Drug and Crime (UNODC), an area that is a regional area in the chain of listings ranging from production, distribution, and consumption of products. Main Findings: not optimal transnational crime in cases of transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking smuggling in Southeast Asian countries and transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking trades are not on transit routes to the country as transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking markets with indicators of realism, liberalism, and constructivism transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking trade in the Landmark Asia region. Applications of this study: This article contributes theoretically to the development of regional transnational crime smuggling crimes and is a consideration for policymakers in increasing the role of Lot of law enforcement agencies in the Asia Southeast region to make the role of state more optimal. Novelty/Originality of this study: Researcher in this article found that production countries did not make policy action on the case of transnational crime smuggling druck trafficking in Southeast Asia and the country as transnational crime smuggling drucktrafickking markets were made of cases in the region of West Southeast Asia

Penolakan European Convention On Cybercrime Oleh Rusia Dalam Mempertahankan Kepentingan Nasional

Cepatnya perkembangan teknologi dan komunikasi memunculkan sebuah dunia baru, yaitu dunia cyber atau cyberspace. Hal ini memiliki dampak kepada pembuatan kebijakan negara. Cepatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi tidak dapat diikuti oleh negara-negara menyebabkan diperlukannya kerjasama antar negara untuk memperkokoh dan mengharmonisasikan kebijakan didalam dunia cyber. Kejahatan yang terjadi didalam dunia cyber termasuk kedalam kejahatan internasional karena tempat pelaku melakukan kejahatan tidak sama dengan target yang dituju. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana kebijakan Rusia didalam menangani ancaman dunia cyber dan menolak menandatangani European Convention on Cybercrime. Rusia memiliki perbedaan pendapat terhadap dunia cyber dimana Rusia melihat dunia ini adalah sebuah ancaman negara. Rusia tidak mengikuti penandatanganan Convention on Cybercrime yang membuat Rusia melakukan kerjasama dengan negara yang memiliki pemikiran yang sama dalam dunia cyber Selain itu Rusia juga ikut didalam Shanghai Cooperation Organization dan Collective Security Treaty Organization didalam pertahanan Cyber untuk melakukan harmonisasi kebijakan dunia cyber di wilayah regional. Dengan melihat hal ini, Rusia meskipun memiliki pandangan yang berbeda dengan negara lain, memiliki kebijakan cyber dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang mumpuni dalam mempertahankan negara dalam ancaman yang berada dari dunia cyber

A TOXICIDADE INSTITUCIONAL EM REFORMAS DO SETOR DE SEGURANÇA: LIÇÕES APRENDIDAS SOBRE O FRACASSO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE SEGURANÇA DO TIMOR-LESTE

Liberal peace strongly believes that security sector reform (SSR) can strengthen the structure of peace and security in post-conflict countries. However, this approach is not always successful in several countries including East Timor. Based on the institutionalism approach, this study found an interesting fact that Falintil's veterans' toxic role in their relations with state security institutions had weakened the function of state security institutions and caused the insecurity of the state and people of East Timor from 2000-2008. These results were obtained through field research using qualitative-quantitative mix method research based on primary data obtained from interviews, surveys, and official documents from the United Nations and the government of East Timor.A paz liberal acredita firmemente que a reforma do setor de segurança (RSS) pode fortalecer a estrutura de paz e segurança em países pós-conflito. No entanto, esta abordagem nem sempre é bem-sucedida em vários países, incluindo o Timor Leste. Com base na abordagem institucionalista, este estudo encontrou um fato interessante sobre o papel tóxico dos veteranos das Falintil nas suas relações com as instituições de segurança do Estado, enfraquecendo a função das instituições de segurança do Estado e causando a insegurança do Estado e do povo do Timor-Leste de 2000-2008. Esses resultados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo usando o método de pesquisa qualitativo-quantitativo baseado em dados primários obtidos de entrevistas, pesquisas e documentos oficiais das Nações Unidas e do governo do Timor-Leste