Ketahanan Relatif Enam Belas Nomor Klon Teh PGL terhadap Serangan Empoasca SP.

The relative resistance of sixteen selected PGL tea clones against Empoasca sp. had been studied at tea estate of Pagilaran. Six selected and superior tea clones were PGL 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, and ten other selected clones were PGL1, PGL2, PGL3, PGL5, PGL7, PGL8, PGL12, PGL13, PGL14, dan PGL16. Growth stage of the test tea-plants was productive stage, hence it was already infested by Empoasca sp.within several years. The study was conducted in the dry season of September 2011−November 2011, in which the climatic conditions support the increase of pest populations. Moderate level of pest populations was appropriate for conducting the research. Therefore, afdeling Pagilaran was chosen as a research site because of its moderate level of Empoasca sp. population (3.74 individuals/20 sweepnets), while in the afdeling Andongsili the population was low (1.70 individuals/20 sweepnets) and in afdeling Kayulandak was too high (9.81 individuals/20 sweepnets). Resistance criterion was developed based on statistical-analysis result of the pest population. Results showed that all PGL clones were attacked by Empoasca sp. However, PGL 4 was consistently the most sensitive and PGL 15 was the most resistant, while others showed moderate resistance against the pest attack. Ketahanan relatif enam belas nomor terpilih klon teh PGL terhadap serangan Empoasca sp. telah dikaji di kebun teh Pagilaran. Enam nomor klon terpilih dan unggul adalah PGL4, PGL6, PGL9, PGL10, PGL11, PGL15, dan 10 nomor terpilih lainnya adalah PGL1, PGL2, PGL3, PGL5, PGL7, PGL8, PGL12, PGL13, PGL14, dan PGL16. Stadia pertumbuhan tanaman teh uji adalah stadia produksi sehingga telah beberapa tahun mengalami serangan Empoasca sp. Kajian dilaksanakan dalam musim kemarau selama bulan September 2011–November 2011, ketika kondisi iklim mendukung peningkatan populasi hama ini. Tingkat populasi hama yang moderat sesuai untuk melakukan kajian. Afdeling Pagilaran dipilih sebagai arena kajian karena tingkat populasi Empoasca sp. moderat (3,74 ekor/20 ayunan jaring serangga). Sementara itu di afdeling Andongsili populasi hama ini rendah (1,70 ekor/20 ayunan jaring serangga) dan di afdeling Kayulandak sangat tinggi (9,81 ekor/20 ayunan jaring serangga). Kriteria ketahanan ditentukan berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik populasi Empoasca sp. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa semua klon PGL terserang oleh Empoasca sp., tetapi PGL 4 konsisten paling peka dan PGL 15 paling tahan, sementara 14 klon lain menunjukkan ketahanan moderat terhadap serangan hama ini

Gangguan Fisiologis Wereng Batang Padi Coklat Akibat Pemberian Abu Terbang Batubara

Coal fly ash (CFA) can be used as a control agent of brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera; Delphacidae). This study was aimed to investigate the physiological disorders in BPH when exposed to CFA. The research was conducted by carrying out tests covering the mortality of BPH, measurement of BPH weight before and after CFA treatment, an analysis of the moisture content in BPH, an analysis of the BPH tissue, and a chemical analysis of BPH. The results of the study showed that the mortality rate of BPH after treatment was 71%. The physiological disorders due to CFA treatment was indicated by a 67.04% weight reduction as opposed to a 6.9% weight increase on the control specimens. The average moisture content of the treated BPH was significantly lower than that of the control specimens. CFA caused a shrinkage of body tissues and an increase in the contents of silica and alumina on BPH

Respons Fungsional Burung Pentet (Lanius SP.) terhadap Belalang Kembara (Locusta Migratoria Manilensis)

The functional response of predatory bird, Lanius sp. (Passeriformes: Laniidae) on migratory locust [Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)] had been studied under restricted condition. The migratory locusts were reared in the green house. Second and fourth nymph instars along with adult stages of the migratory locust were used in this trial. Maximum feeding and functional response of the predatory bird against the migratory locust were determined. Research protocol used follows Holling\u27s model. Results showed that the maximum feeding of the predatory bird was very high i.e. against 2nd and 4th instars and adult of the locust were 2.75 preys/minute, 0.13 preys/minute, and 0.09 preys/minute; respectively. The relationship between predatory bird and migratory locust fitted with the Holling\u27 s type 2 functional response. The high feeding rate of the predatory bird revealed that the bird is a promising candidate of biological control agent on migratory locust. Penelitian respons fungsional burung predator jenis pentet, Lanius sp. (Passeriformes: Laniidae) terhadap belalang kembara Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) telah dilakukan secara terbatas di laboratorium. Belalang kembara dibiakkan secara massal di rumah kaca. Belalang kembara yang dipakai dalam penelitian adalah nimfa instar 2, 4, dan imago umur 1 hari setelah ganti kulit. Penelitian antara lain menentukan kemampuan memangsa maksimum dan analisis respons fungsional. Prosedur kerja penelitian mengikuti prosedur model Holling. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan memangsa burung pentet terhadap belalang kembara sangat tinggi; terhadap instar 2 , 4 dan imago masing-masing 2,75 ekor/menit, 0,13 ekor/menit, dan 0,09 ekor/menit. Respons fungsional burung pentet terhadap belalang kembara mengikuti respons fungsional Holling tipe 2. Daya makan yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa burung pentet berpotensi sebagai agens pengendalian hayati belalang kembara

Dampak Erupsi Merapi 2010 terhadap Serangga Penyerbuk Bunga Salak

The research was aimed at determining the impact of Merapi eruption in 2010 on pollinator insect of Salacca edulis. The research was conducted at Keringan hamlet, Wonokerto village, Turi District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Territory. Species and population of the insect were observed at salacca plantation that were damaged by Merapi eruption in 2010 in the following category: heavy damage, medium damage, light damage, and undamaged. Five respondents and 10 salacca plants/respondent were sampled for each of the damage category. Respondents were interviewed to understand their perception on the eruption impact against the pollinator insect. Results showed that the pollinator insect was Nodocnemis sp. The insect population was significantly influenced by the eruption. Population average on the damage category of heavy, medium, light, and undamaged were 8.59, 17.33, 31.35, and 61.10 individuals/flower, respectively. The insect population was also significantly influenced by the flower development, the highest population was observed on blooming stage (92.33 individuals/flower), while on stage of pre-and post blooming were 17.37 and 8.14 individuals/flower, respectively. The farmer respondents understood about the role of pollinator insect. They thought that the Merapi eruption influenced negatively to the pollinator insect. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak erupsi Merapi terhadap serangga penyerbuk bunga salak (Salacca edulis). Penelitian dilakukan di kebun salak di Dusun Keringan, Desa Wonokerto, Kecamatan Turi, Kabupaten Sleman, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, selama bulan Maret−Mei 2011. Jenis dan populasi serangga penyerbuk diamati in situ pada bunga salak yang belum mekar, mekar, dan lewat mekar. Bunga salak diamati di kebun salak yang rusak akibat erupsi Merapi 2010 berdasarkan kategori rusak berat, rusak sedang, rusak ringan, dan tidak rusak. Pada setiap kategori kerusakan kebun diambil sampel 5 (lima) petani salak responden dan 10 pohon salak jantan yang berbunga diambil dari kebun milik masing-masing responden. Wawancara terhadap petani dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kesan petani terhadap dampak erupsi Merapi terhadap serangga penyerbuk bunga salak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis serangga penyerbuk adalah Nodocnemis sp. Populasi Nodocnemis sp. secara signifikan (P <0.05) dipengaruhi oleh erupsi Merapi. Rerata populasi (ekor/tandan bunga jantan) pada kebun yang rusak berat, rusak sedang, rusak ringan, dan tidak rusak sebesar 8,59; 17,33; 31,35; dan 61,10. Populasi Nodocnemis sp. juga dipengaruhi oleh tingkat perkembangan bunga salak; paling tinggi pada bunga mekar (92,33 ekor/tandan bunga jantan), sedang pada bunga belum mekar dan lewat mekar sebesar 17,37 dan 8,14 ekor/tandan bunga jantan. Petani responden paham tentang peran serangga penyerbuk bunga salak dan berkesan bahwa erupsi Merapi berdampak negatif terhadap serangga penyerbuk tersebut

Aktivitas Harian dan Preferensi Burung Predator Lanius SP. terhadap Hama Sexava Spp.

The objective research is to know the daily activities and preference of predatory birds Lanius sp. to several stages of Sexava spp. Ten predatory birds 12 to 14 months of age were bought at merchant bird in Yogyakarta. The study was conducted naturally under controlled condition in cages. Before the study was conducted the predatory birds were acclimatized for three days by feeding them cricket and gradually changed to Sexava spp. The young nymphs, old nymphs, adult male, and adult female of Sexava spp. were found at coconut plantation in Dumagin village became the new dietary of the predator. The result showed that Lanius sp. is a diurnal bird; the activities were dominated by hunting and preying (16.52%), followed by flying (6.53%), jumping (5.70%), and walking (4.58%). The Lanius sp. preferred to prey on significantly more nymphs of Sexava spp. than the adult. The birds prey proportionally on the young nymphs, old nymphs, male, and adult females for 50%, 41%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas harian burung predator Lanius sp. dan preferensinya terhadap berbagai fase hama Sexava spp. Burung berumur 1–1,2 tahun sebanyak 10 ekor diperoleh dari pedagang burung di Yogyakarta. Kajian preferensi burung predator Lanius sp. terhadap belalang Sexava spp. dilakukan di bawah kondisi fisik alami dan terkontrol dalam kandang uji. Sebelum kajian dilakukan burung predator diaklimatisasi selama 3 hari dengan pakan jangkrik dan berangsur-angsur diganti dengan belalang Sexava spp. Belalang Sexava spp. stadia nimfa muda, nimfa tua, imago jantan, dan imago betina diperoleh dari kebun kelapa desa Dumagin, dipakai sebagai mangsa burung predator. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Lanius sp. termasuk burung diurnal; aktivitas siang hari didominasi berburu mangsa dan makan (16,52%), diikuti terbang (6,53%), melompat (5,70%), dan berjalan (4,58%). Lanius sp. Secara signifikan lebih memilih stadia nimfa dibandingkan imago belalang Sexava spp. Proporsi nimfa muda, nimfa tua, imago jantan, dan imago betina yang dimangsa berturut-turut yaitu 50%, 41%, 5%, dan 4%

Pengaruh Warna Perangkap Feromon terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Imago Oryctes Rhinoceros di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit

The effectiveness of a synthetic-pheromone trap with active ingredient of ethyl-4-methyloctanoate in catching adults of Oryctes rhinoceros was believed to be influenced by the trap color. A RCBD trial with single factor and three block replicates was conducted during September to October 2008 at Oil-Palm-Trial Station at PTPN III, Labuhan Batu District, North-Sumatera Province. The single factor was trap color i.e. orange, green, white, blue, red, yellow, and pink. Results showed that total numbers and sex ratios of collected O. rhinoceros adults were not significantly influenced by the trap color. The total numbers of collected O. rhinoceros adult during 30 days on color of orange, green, white, blue, red, yellow, and pink were 136, 177, 126, 155, 129, 114, and 113 individuals with sex ratios ♂/♀ 0.47, 0.52, 0.62, 0.50, 0.60, 0.49, and 0.54, respectively. The synthetic pheromone significantly attracted more O. rhinoceros female (65%) rather than the male one (35%). Keefektifan perangkap feromon sintetik berbahan aktif ethyl-4-methyloctanoate dalam menangkap imago Oryctes rhinoceros diyakini dipengaruhi oleh warna perangkap tersebut. Percobaan RCBD faktor tunggal dengan tiga blok ulangan dilakukan pada bulan September sampai dengan Oktober 2008 di kebun penelitian kelapa sawit PTPN III, Kabupaten Labuhan Batu, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Faktor tunggal tersebut yakni warna perangkap meliputi oranye, hijau, putih, biru, merah, kuning, dan pink. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa warna perangkap tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil tangkapan dan sex ratio imago O. rhinoceros. Total imago O. rhinoceros yang tertangkap selama 30 hari pada warna oranye, hijau, putih, biru, merah, kuning dan pink sebanyak 136, 177, 126, 155, 129, 114 dan 113 dengan sex ratio ♂/♀ 0,47; 0,52; 0,62; 0,50; 0,60; 0,49 dan 0,54. Feromon sintetik secara signifikan lebih banyak menarik imago betina (65%) daripada yang jantan (35%)

Pengendalian Hayati Afid pada Tanaman Cabai Merah dengan Menochilus Sexmaculatus

A field trial on biological control of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Menochilus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was conducted at red chilli field in Sleman, Yogyakarta, in the planting season of 2010. Second instar was released at rate of 1 larva/250 aphids. The number of predator per plant varied depending on aphid-population density. The effectiveness of the predator was compared with application of sihalotrin 25 g/l at concentration rate of 2 cc/l as much as 500 l/ha. The results showed that effectiveness of the predator application was equal with the insecticide application. Percobaan lapangan pengendalian hayati Aphis spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae) dengan Menochilus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dilakukan di lahan cabai merah di daerah Sleman, Yogyakarta, pada musim tanam tahun 2010. Satu ekor larva instar II dilepas pada populasi 250 ekor afid. Banyaknya predator per tanaman bervariasi tergantung kepadatan populasi afid. Keefektifan aplikasi predator dibandingkan dengan perlakuan sihalotrin 25 g/l, konsentrasi 2 cc/l sebanyak 500 l/ha. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa keefektifan aplikasi predator setara dengan aplikasi insektisid

Toksisitas Abu Terbang Kayu terhadap Nilaparvata Lugens dan Kompleks Predatornya

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is currently a very noxious pest insect and it threatened the self sufficience of rice in Indonesia. Innovation of control technology is urgently needed to be developed. Objective of the study was to determine mortality-effect of the wood fly-ash obtained from pulp factory in Riau against N. lugens and its predator complex. A bioassay of the wood fly-ash was done in the laboratory to determine its activity against the test insects. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with three treatments —fly-ash 40 kg/ha, botanical insecticide containing of root extract of Derris eliptica, and control— with five replications was conducted at a paddy field in Sleman District Yogyakarta. Results showed that the wood fly-ash was toxic against N. lugens: LD50 at 72 hours after treatment were 4.84 and 43.26 g/m2, respectively. As compared with control and botanical insecticide of D. eliptica, the wood fly-ash was significantly more effective for controlling the N. lugens but relatively safe against predator complex. Dusting of the wood fly-ash at rate of 40 kg/ha effectively reduced population of N. lugens within 2 days but did not significantly reduce population of the predator complex namely spiders (Lycosa sp., Oxyopes sp., Callitrichia sp., Argiope sp., and Tetragnatha sp.), Coccinellidae (Menochilus sexmaculatus and Verania sp.), Cicindelidae (Ophionea sp.), and Staphylinidae (Paederus fuscipes). Wereng batang padi cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) merupakan hama utama pada tanaman padi yang paling membahayakan dan sulit dikendalikan sehingga sangat merugikan perpadian di Indonesia. Inovasi teknologi pengendalian mendesak untuk dikembangkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek mortalitas dari abu terbang kayu yang berasal dari pabrik pulp di Riau terhadap hama N. lugens dan kompleks predatornya. Pengujian dari abu lterbang kayu dilakukan di laboratorium untuk menentukan toksisitas abu terbang kayu terhadap serangga uji. Percobaan menggunakan randomized complete block design (RCBD) dengan 3 perlakuan—dosis abu terbang kayu 40 kg/ha, insektisida botani berasal dari ekstrak akar Derris eliptica, dan kontrol—, dengan 5 ulangan yang dilakukan pada pertanaman padi di Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa toksisitas abu terbang kayu terhadap N. lugens: LD50 setelah 72 jam perlakuan adalah 4,84 dan 43,26 g/m2, berturut-turut. Abu terbang kayu dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan insektisida botani, signifikan dan efektif mengendalikan N. lugens dan relatif tidak membahayakan terhadap kompleks predator. Pemaparan abu terbang kayu dosis 40 kg/ha efektif mengurangi populasi N. lugens selama 2 hari dan tidak signifikan terhadap pengurangan populasi kompleks predator laba-laba (Lycosa sp., Oxyopes sp., Callitrichia sp., Argiope sp., dan Tetragnatha sp.), Coccinellidae (Menochilus sexmaculatus and Verania sp.), Cicindelidae (Ophionea sp.), dan Staphylinidae (Paederus fuscipes

Optimalization of Temperature to Control Araecerus Fasciculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) on Nutmeg

The exported nutmeg of Indonesia is frequently affected by the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), so that it should be fumigated prior to export. CH3Br is an effective fumigant as quarantine measure for export products for 24 h, but this fumigant has been prohibited. Therefore, air temperature treatment is one of the alternative strategies. This research was aimed to determine the optimum air temperature in controlling A. fasciculatus on nutmeg. Healthy nutmeg, infected and A. fasciculatus-containing nutmeg, as well as individual adults of A. fasciculatus were treated with air temperature of 30−70°C for 1−24 h. The optimum air temperature was the lowest temperature which could kill 100% of examined insects. The results showed that 100% mortality of A. fasciculatus adults outside nutmeg occurred at air temperature of 45°C for 12 h or 50°C for 6 h. Meanwhile, 100% mortality of life stadium of A. fasciculatus inside nutmeg happened at air temperature of 55°C for 24 h. The raising of air temperature at 30−50°C for 24 h decreased the water content of nutmeg from 5.59±0.25 to 3.79±0.24%. The increment of temperature from 50 to 55°C for 24 h reduced the weight of nutmeg from 5.20±0.72 to 5.04±0.70 g. Air temperature treatment at 45−50°C for 12−24 h could eliminate adults of A. fasciculatus on exported nutmeg and air temperature of 55°C for 24 h could remove all life stadia of A. fasciculatus within nutmeg. IntisariBiji pala ekspor Indonesia sering diserang oleh kumbang bubuk biji kopi, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), sehingga harus difumigasi sebelum diekspor. Tindakan karantina pada produk ekspor yang sering menggunakan CH3Br efektif selama 24 jam, namun fumigan ini sudah dilarang. Oleh karena itu, perlakuan suhu udara merupakan salah satu alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan suhu udara optimal untuk mengendalikan A. fasciculatus pada biji pala. Biji pala yang sehat, biji pala yang terserang dan berisi serangga A. fasciculatus serta imago A. fasciculatus diperlakukan dengan suhu udara 30−70°C selama 1−24 jam. Suhu udara optimal yaitu suhu terendah yang dapat membunuh 100% serangga uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 100% mortalitas imago A. fasciculatus di luar biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 45°C selama 12 jam atau 50°C selama 6 jam. Sementara itu, mortalitas 100% stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam. Kenaikan suhu udara 30−50°C selama 24 jam menurunkan kadar air biji pala dari 5,59±0,25 menjadi 3,79±0,24%. Peningkatan suhu dari 50 menjadi 55°C selama 24 jam menurunkan berat biji pala dari 5,20±0,72 menjadi 5,04±0,70 g. Perlakuan suhu udara 45−50°C selama 12−24 jam dapat mengeliminasi imago A. fasciculatus pada biji pala ekspor dan suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam dapat mengeliminasi semua stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala