Evolution:Adapting to a warming world

To be able to cope with climate change, species need to evolve. Demonstrating such evolution in wild populations is notoriously difficult. Replication of a 21-year-old experiment demonstrates that a long-distance migratory songbird has genetically adapted to climate change.</p

Early arrival is not associated with more extra-pair fertilizations in a long-distance migratory bird

When assessing the benefits of early arrival date of migratory birds, a hidden and often ignored component of males’ fitness is the higher chance of early-arriving birds to obtain extra-pair fertilizations. Here we investigated how extra-pair paternity might affect the relationship between male arrival date and number of fertilizations in a model study system, the European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. For this purpose, we sampled and genotyped breeding pairs, unpaired males and offspring (including embryos from unhatched eggs when possible) of a Dutch pied flycatcher population. Detailed information on arrival date of males, egg laying date of their social mates and nest success was also recorded. Earlyarriving males had early-laying females and males with early-laying females had a higher probability of siring extra-pair eggs and obtain more fertilizations. However, male arrival date alone did not correlate with the probability to gain extra-pair paternity and neither to the amount of fertilized eggs. Both early- and late-arriving males had a higher probability of losing paternity in their own nest compared to birds with an intermediate arrival date. Finally, late-arriving males were more likely to remain unpaired but, interestingly, a few of these birds obtained paternity via extra-pair copulations. Because earlier arrival date did not lead to more extra-pair fertilizations and because such relationship seems to be driven mainly by the female’s laying date, we conclude that the contribution of extra-pair paternity to the overall fitness benefits of early male arrival date is relatively small

A Study on SPICE Modeling of Non-Resonant Plasmonic Terahertz Detector

Department Of Electrical EngineeringThe terahertz (sub-millimeter wave) is the frequency resource, ranging from 100 GHz ~ 10 THz band, located in the middle region of the infrared and millimeter waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Terahertz waves has unique physical characteristics, which is transparency of radio waves and straightness of light waves, simultaneously. The terahertz wave is applied to the basic science, such as device, spectroscopy, and imaging technology. And also adjust in the applied science, such as biomedical engineering, security, environment, information and communication. Which importance already verified. In the new shape of future market is expected to be formed broadly. For this application, operating in the THz frequency detecting device essential. Recently, Current elements operating in terahertz are present, such as compound semiconductor (???-???HBT, HEMT). But, there are disadvantage to use as a high price. Therefore, research have been made of silicon based THz detector in many research groups. Silicon-based nano-technology utilizes a plasma wave transistor technology. Which is using the space-time change of the channel charge density. That causes plasma wave oscillation in the MOSFET (Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) channel and this effect available MOSET operating terahertz regime beyond MOSFET cut-off frequency. So, PWT (plasma wave transistor) is available terahertz detection and oscillation. For integrated possible post processing circuit development in these of terahertz applications system, silicon based PWT compact model is essential thing. For this compact model for spice simulation beyond cut-off frequency, we consider charge time variance model which is NQS (non-quasi-static) model, not quasi-static model. For NQS model two kinds of model exist, first is RC ladder model. That is seral connect MOSFET get rid of parasitic elements. And these complex circuit making the equivalent circuit model, it called New Elmore model. For post processing circuit simulation, fast simulation speed is essential, RC ladder model has a disadvantage (for simulating each segment). In this thesis we using New Elmore model based on Non-resonant plasmonic THz detector modeling, And verified physical validity of our NQS model using the our TCAD model based on Quasi-plasma 2DEG. And we propose fast and accurate compact modelingope

Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction

Climate change is apparent as an advancement of spring phenology. However, there is no a priori reason to expect that all components of food chains will shift their phenology at the same rate. This differential shift will lead to mistimed reproduction in many species, including seasonally breeding birds. We argue that climate change induced mistiming in avian reproduction occurs because there is a substantial period between the moment of decision making on when to reproduce and the moment at which selection operates on this decision. Climate change is therefore likely to differentially alter the environment of decision-making and the environment of selection. We discuss the potential consequences of such mistiming, and identify a number of ways in which either individual birds or bird populations potentially can adapt to reproductive mistiming

Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction

Climate change is apparent as an advancement of spring phenology. However, there is no a priori reason to expect that all components of food chains will shift their phenology at the same rate. This differential shift will lead to mistimed reproduction in many species, including seasonally breeding birds. We argue that climate change induced mistiming in avian reproduction occurs because there is a substantial period between the moment of decision making on when to reproduce and the moment at which selection operates on this decision. Climate change is therefore likely to differentially alter the environment of decision-making and the environment of selection. We discuss the potential consequences of such mistiming, and identify a number of ways in which either individual birds or bird populations potentially can adapt to reproductive mistiming