Additional file 1: of Patient predictors of health-seeking behaviour for persons coughing for more than two weeks in high-burden tuberculosis communities: the case of the Western Cape, South Africa

SES indicator set. Table showing SES components collected in the ZAMSTAR study that was used to create an asset index for this study. (DOCX 13 kb

Additional file 2: of Patient predictors of health-seeking behaviour for persons coughing for more than two weeks in high-burden tuberculosis communities: the case of the Western Cape, South Africa

Correlation between components of asset index and asset index. Table showing correlation between components of asset index and asset index. (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 3: of Patient predictors of health-seeking behaviour for persons coughing for more than two weeks in high-burden tuberculosis communities: the case of the Western Cape, South Africa

TB-stigma indicator set. Table showing TB-stigma indicator set used in the SOCS study. (DOCX 13 kb

Additional file 4: of Patient predictors of health-seeking behaviour for persons coughing for more than two weeks in high-burden tuberculosis communities: the case of the Western Cape, South Africa

Stigma level by community (a), age (b) and gender (c). Figures (a-c) showing mean stigma index levels (standardised using z-score) for each community (1–8), for each age category (< 18 years, 18–24 years, 25–45 years, 46–60 years, 61+ years) and for each gender (women and men). Source: own calculations, SOCS of ZAMSTAR (2008/2009). (DOCX 26 kb

Literature review, meta-analysis and thematic content analysis focused on factors associated with sex differences in stunting in children under five in Sub-Saharan Africa

Review questionWhat factors associated with the sex differences in stunting or HAZ/ LAZ scores in U5s in SSA have been reported in literature? Which ones are associated with a higher prevalence in boys and which ones are associated with a higher prevalence in girls?If the available evidence for specific factors allows, what is the effect size of that/those identified factor(s) on the sex-difference in stunting?© York University, reshared with permission</p

Additional quotes and themes.

Households in low-resource settings are more vulnerable to events which adversely affect their livelihoods, including shocks e.g. death of family members, droughts and more recently COVID-19. Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) is another shock that inflicts physical, psychological and socioeconomic burden on individuals and households. We describe experiences and coping strategies among people affected by DR-TB and their households in Zimbabwe during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021. We purposively selected 16 adults who had just completed or were completing treatment for DR-TB for in-depth interviews. We transcribed audio-recordings verbatim and translated the transcripts into English. Data were coded both manually and using NVivo 12 (QSR International), and were analysed thematically. Health seeking from providers outside the public sector, extra-pulmonary TB and health system factors resulted in delayed DR-TB diagnosis and treatment and increased financial drain on households. DR-TB reduced productive capacity and narrowed job opportunities leading to income loss that continued even after completion of treatment. Household livelihood was further adversely affected by lockdowns due to COVID-19, outbreaks of bird flu and cattle disease. Stockouts of DR-TB medicines, common during COVID-19, exacerbated loss of productive time and transport costs as medication had to be accessed from other clinics. Reversible coping strategies included: reducing number of meals; relocating in search of caregivers and/or family support; spending savings; negotiating with school authorities to keep children in school. Some households adopted irreversible coping strategies e.g. selling productive assets and withdrawing children from school. DR-TB combined with COVID-19 and other stressors and pushed households into deeper poverty and vulnerability. Multisectoral approaches that combine health systems and socioeconomic interventions are crucial to mitigate diagnostic delays and suffering, and meaningfully support people with DR-TB and their households to compensate the loss of livelihoods during and post DR-TB treatment.</div

Additional file 2 of Barriers to tuberculosis case finding in primary and secondary health facilities in Ghana: perceptions, experiences and practices of healthcare workers

Additional file 2

Additional file 3 of Barriers to tuberculosis case finding in primary and secondary health facilities in Ghana: perceptions, experiences and practices of healthcare workers

Additional file 3

Additional file 1 of Barriers to tuberculosis case finding in primary and secondary health facilities in Ghana: perceptions, experiences and practices of healthcare workers

Additional file 1

Characteristics of DR-TB patients who were enrolled in the study, Zimbabwe, 2020–2021.

Characteristics of DR-TB patients who were enrolled in the study, Zimbabwe, 2020–2021.</p