Density distribution of particles upon jamming after an avalanche in a 2D silo

We present a complete analysis of the density distribution of particles in a two dimensional silo after discharge. Simulations through a pseudo-dynamic algorithm are performed for filling and subsequent discharge of a plane silo. Particles are monosized hard disks deposited in the container and subjected to a tapping process for compaction. Then, a hole of a given size is open at the bottom of the silo and the discharge is triggered. After a clogging at the opening is produced, and equilibrium is restored, the final distribution of the remaining particles at the silo is analyzed by dividing the space into cells with different geometrical arrangements to visualize the way in which the density depression near the opening is propagated throughout the system. The different behavior as a function of the compaction degree is discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

High intensity tapping regime in a frustrated lattice gas model of granular compaction

In the frame of a well established lattice gas model for granular compaction, we investigate the high intensity tapping regime where a pile expands significantly during external excitation. We find that this model shows the same general trends as more sophisticated models based on molecular dynamic type simulations. In particular, a minimum in packing fraction as a function of tapping strength is observed in the reversible branch of an annealed tapping protocol.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Neoformación de esmectitas magnésicas relacionadas con procesos de paleovertisolización en sedimentos fluvio-lacustres de la "Unidad intermedia del Mioceno" en la Cuenca de Madrid

Se ha estudiado la evolución mineralógica y geoquimica de materiales correspondientes a la «Unidad Intermedia)) del Mioceno de la cuenca de Madrid. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la génesis de paleovertisoles como consecuencia de la neoformación de esmectitas trioctaédricas (saponita) ligadas a un ambiente fluvio-lacustre

Neoformación de esmectitas magnésicas relacionadas con procesos de paleovertisolización en sedimentos fluvio-lacustres de la "Unidad intermedia del Mioceno" en la Cuenca de Madrid

Se ha estudiado la evolución mineralógica y geoquimica de materiales correspondientes a la «Unidad Intermedia)) del Mioceno de la cuenca de Madrid. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la génesis de paleovertisoles como consecuencia de la neoformación de esmectitas trioctaédricas (saponita) ligadas a un ambiente fluvio-lacustre

Effect of packing fraction on the jamming of granular flow through small apertures

We investigate the flow and jamming through small apertures of a column of granular disks via a pseudo-dynamic model. We focus on the effect that the preparation of the granular assembly has on the size of the avalanches obtained. Ensembles of packings with different mean packing fractions are created by tapping the system at different intensities. Surprisingly, packing fraction is not a good indicator of the ability of the deposit to jam a given orifice. Different mean avalanche sizes are obtained for deposits with the same mean packing fraction that were prepared with very different tap intensities. It has been speculated that the number and size of arches in the bulk of the granular column should be correlated with the ability of the system to jam a small opening. We show that this correlation, if exists, is rather poor. A comparison between bulk arches and jamming arches (i.e., arches that block the opening) reveals that the aperture imposes a lower cut-off on the horizontal span of the arches which is greater than the actual size of the opening. This is related to the fact that blocking arches have to have the appropriate orientation to fit the gap between two piles of grains resting at each side of the aperture.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure

Effects of Scale-Free Disorder on the Anderson Metal-Insulator Transition

We investigate the three-dimensional Anderson model of localization via a modified transfer-matrix method in the presence of scale-free diagonal disorder characterized by a disorder correlation function $g(r)$ decaying asymptotically as $r^{-\alpha}$. We study the dependence of the localization-length exponent $\nu$ on the correlation-strength exponent $\alpha$. % For fixed disorder $W$, there is a critical $\alpha_{\rm c}$, such that for $\alpha < \alpha_{\rm c}$, $\nu=2/\alpha$ and for $\alpha > \alpha_{\rm c}$, $\nu$ remains that of the uncorrelated system in accordance with the extended Harris criterion. At the band center, $\nu$ is independent of $\alpha$ but equal to that of the uncorrelated system. The physical mechanisms leading to this different behavior are discussed.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

The shape of invasion perclation clusters in random and correlated media

The shape of two-dimensional invasion percolation clusters are studied numerically for both non-trapping (NTIP) and trapping (TIP) invasion percolation processes. Two different anisotropy quantifiers, the anisotropy parameter and the asphericity are used for probing the degree of anisotropy of clusters. We observe that in spite of the difference in scaling properties of NTIP and TIP, there is no difference in the values of anisotropy quantifiers of these processes. Furthermore, we find that in completely random media, the invasion percolation clusters are on average slightly less isotropic than standard percolation clusters. Introducing isotropic long-range correlations into the media reduces the isotropy of the invasion percolation clusters. The effect is more pronounced for the case of persisting long-range correlations. The implication of boundary conditions on the shape of clusters is another subject of interest. Compared to the case of free boundary conditions, IP clusters of conventional rectangular geometry turn out to be more isotropic. Moreover, we see that in conventional rectangular geometry the NTIP clusters are more isotropic than TIP clusters

Cation distribution in manganese cobaltite spinels Co3−xMnxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) determined by thermal analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis was used in order to study the reduction in air of submicronic powders of Co3−x Mn x O4 spinels, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. For x = 0 (i.e. Co3O4), cation reduction occurred in a single step. It involved the CoIII ions at the octahedral sites, which were reduced to Co2+ on producing CoO. For 0 < x ≤ 1, the reduction occurred in two stages at increasing temperature with increasing amounts of manganese. The first step corresponded to the reduction of octahedral CoIII ions and the second was attributed to the reduction of octahedral Mn4+ ions to Mn3+. From the individual weight losses and the electrical neutrality of the lattice, the CoIII and Mn4+ ion concentrations were calculated. The distribution of cobalt and manganese ions present on each crystallographic site of the spinel was determined. In contrast to most previous studies that took into account either CoIII and Mn3+ or Co2+, CoIII and Mn4+ only, our thermal analysis study showed that Co2+/CoIII and Mn3+/Mn4+ pairs occupy the octahedral sites. These results were used to explain the resistivity measurements carried out on dense ceramics prepared from our powders sintered at low temperature (700–750 °C) in a Spark Plasma Sintering apparatus

Formación de sepiolita-paligorskita en litofacies lutítico-carbonáticas en el sector de Borox-Esquivias (cuenca de Madrid)

According to lithological composition three units were stablished in the area studied: a) Clayey unit. Green and pinkish clays with sandy beds and early formation of calcretes. Clay minerals association: smectite-mixed-layers (kerolite-stevensite) sepiolite-illite-kaolinite. b) Clayey calcareous unit Green clays with calcretes and a sandy level at bottom of the unit. Clay minerals association: smectite-illite-palygorskite-sepiolite-kaolinite. c) Clayey-dolomitic unit. Green clays with dolomicrites. Clay minerals association: smectiteillite-palygorskite-sepiolite. Results let us to stablish a sepiolite and palygorskite genesis related to lacustrine paludine environments where pedodiagenetic processes (v.s. carbonation, dolomitization, silicification, vertic features) were responsible of smectite instability, with development of palygorskite or sepiolite, according to their respectively di or triocthedral character.En el área estudiada, desde un punto de vista litológico se han diferenciado tres tramos: a) Lutítico. Lutitas verdes y rosáceas con intercalaciones samíticas e incipiente desarrollo de calcretas. la asociación de minerales de la arcilla es: esmectita-interestratificados (kerolitaestevensita)-sepiolita-illita-caolinita. b) Lutítico-calcáreo. Lutitas verdes y calcretas con un nivel samítico en la base del tramo. La asociación de minerales de la arcil1a es: esmectita-illita-paligorskita-sepiolita-eaolinita. c) Lutítico-dolomítico. Lutitas verdes y dolomicritas. La asociación de minerales de la arcilla es: esmectita-illita-paligorskita-sepiolita. Los resultados permiten establecer una génesis de sepiolita y paligorskita en relación con ambientes lacustres-palustres, donde los procesos edafodiagenéticos (carbonatación, dolomitización, silicificación, vertisolización) provocan la desestabilización de fases esmectíticas precursoras. De acuerdo con el carácter di o trioctaédrico de la esmectita se propicia la formación de paligorskita o sepiolita, respectivamente

Tracing the assembly histories of galaxy clusters in the nearby universe

We have compiled a sample of 67 nearby ($z$ < 0.15) clusters of galaxies, for which on average more than 150 spectroscopic members are available, and, by applying different methods to detect substructures in their galaxy distribution, we have studied their assembly history. Our analysis confirms that substructures are present in 70% of our sample, having a significant dynamical impact in 57% of them. A classification of the assembly state of the clusters based on the dynamical significance of their substructures is proposed. In 19% of our clusters, the originally identified brightest cluster galaxy is not the central gravitationally dominant galaxy (CDG), but turns out to be either the second-rank, or the dominant galaxy of a substructure (a SDG, in our classification), or even a possible "fossil" galaxy in the periphery of the cluster. Moreover, no correlation was found in general between the projected offset of the CDG from the X-ray peak and its peculiar velocity. The comparison of the CDGs properties with the assembly states and dynamical state of the intracluster media, especially the core cooling status, suggests a complex assembly history, with clear evidence of co-evolution of the CDG and its host cluster in the innermost regions.Comment: Contains 33 pages, 12 figures, 8 tables. On the accompanying webpage ( http://www.astro.ugto.mx/recursos/HP_SCls/Top70.html ), we offer the complete set of figures describing all clusters presented in this articl