Gradientes ambientais como filtros na composição de insetos aquáticos do Cerrado-Caatinga, Brasil

The patterns of aquatic insect diversity are influenced by landscape structure and environmental gradients that can be altered significantly through changes in land use. The aim of the present study was to verify if the patterns of diversity of the orders Odonata and Trichoptera vary significantly between preserved and altered sites, along a gradient of environmental impact. Data were collected on the structural and environmental characteristics of the stream, and the assemblages of aquatic insects at seven sampling points in a Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone of northeastern Brazil, in the dry seasons of 2018 and 2019. The results indicated that altered streams had higher electrical conductivity and lowest HII (habitat integrity index) values in comparison with the preserved ones, being determinant in the distribution of genera, and low pH values increased genera richness, informations that can guide management strategies for biodiversity conservation. Which supports the conclusion that the diversity of aquatic insects is determined by the influence of environmental filters in the streams.Os padrões de diversidade de insetos aquáticos são influenciados pela estrutura da paisagem e gradientes ambientais que podem ser alterados significativamente através de mudanças no uso da terra. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se os padrões de diversidade das ordens Odonata e Trichoptera variam significativamente entre locais preservados e alterados, ao longo de um gradiente de impacto ambiental. Foram coletados dados sobre as características estruturais e ambientais do córrego e das assembleias de insetos aquáticos em sete pontos de amostragem em um ecótono Cerrado-Caatinga do Nordeste, Brasil, nas estações secas de 2018 e 2019. Os resultados indicaram que córregos alterados apresentaram maiores valores de condutividade elétrica e menores valores de IIH (índice de integridade de habitat) em comparação aos preservados, sendo determinantes na distribuição de gêneros, e baixos valores de pH aumentaram a riqueza de gêneros, informações que podem orientar estratégias de manejo para a conservação da biodiversidade. Reforçando a conclusão de que a diversidade de insetos aquáticos é determinada pela influência de filtros ambientais nos riachos

Environmental spatial-temporal heterogeneity of streams in a Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone

Environmental spatial-temporal heterogeneity is an important factor for structuring the biodiversity of ecosystems, including lotic systems that have been strongly influenced by land use and occupation. Thus, the present study aimed to identify if there was a spatial-temporal difference of the structural and physical-chemical variables which the streams of the Environmental Protection Area of the Inhamum, as well as if there was difference of environmental heterogeneity which the samples during the period of 2012 to 2015. The ordernation indicated temporal effects on the streams, because there were two groups formed, the first formed by the samples of 2012-2013 and the other by 2014-2015, but which did not present differences as to their heterogeneity. Temperature, conductivity, depth, width and flow were important in the structuring of the streams, but due to being in an area with a wide canopy cover and high habitat integrity, there was a small range of variation in the values of these variables. These results demonstrate the importance of the maintenance of the canopy cover to guarantee the habitat integrity and to provide the conservation of the environmental characteristics of streams in tropical biomes

PERCEPCIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES DE LA ENSENANZA SECUNDARIA SOBRE LA CLASE DE ECOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL CON APLICACIONES ESTADÍSTICAS

El uso de la estadística como herramienta didáctica en Ecología puede proporcionar a los estudiantes madurez del sentido crítico, además de dar importancia a las definiciones científicas. Así, el objetivo era usar la Bioestadística como herramienta didáctica, como enlace para el desarrollo de las más diversas competencias. La actividad se desarrolló con estudiantes de la Educación Secundaria con el problema de analizar si existe diferencia entre la abundancia de hormigas que viven en el bosque de galería y en la capoeira. Se impartió una charla donde se instruyó a los estudiantes sobre los conceptos básicos de Ecología y Bioestadística. Estos fueron instruidos sobre la metodología y posteriormente tamizaron y contaron las hormigas capturadas, separándolas por vegetación y muestra. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para analizar la diferencia entre tratamientos. Tras el análisis de los datos se aplicaron dos cuestionarios. El primero, compuesto por cinco preguntas, tuvo como objetivo conocer el grado de comprensión de los estudiantes sobre la relevancia de la estadística, analizándose 37 respuestas; el segundo, por su parte, constaba de seis preguntas y preguntaba sobre cómo se recibió y evaluó la actividad, según la perspectiva de los estudiantes, evaluándose 36 respuestas. Los estudiantes entendieron la estadística como algo fundamental para la ciudadanía, ya que permite el desarrollo de un análisis crítico bajo diferentes aspectos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Trichomes are effective against folivory

Ecosystems that show greatest heterogeneity have a greater amount of interactions between organisms that are part of their food chains, among these relationships exists the herbivory, thus the present study aims to evaluate the feeding preference of herbivory insects for plants in an area of capoeira vegetation, the hypothesis tested is that insects prefer plants with less trichomes. The survey was performed at the Federal Institute of Maranhão Campus Caxias, in November 2016, during which 600 leaves of different species were sampled, most of which did not show pilosity, and the association test by chi-square indicated that for plants present in "capoeira" there are a greater folivory for those that do not present trichomes on its leaf limb.&nbsp

O Estado da Arte do Ensino da Química no Brasil, 2000-2014

RESUMO: Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo descritiva, comumente denominada “pesquisas do estado da arte”, relacionada aos conceitos do Ensino de Química no Brasil. Foi realizada uma busca e levantamento de publicações referentes ao Ensino de Química no Brasil junto aos seguintes bancos de dados: SciELO, Biblioteca Digital da USP, Google Acadêmico e Periódicos da Capes, disponíveis na Internet no período de 2000 a 2014. A busca foi realizada inserindo as palavras-chave: Ensino de Química, Educação em Química e História da Química. Foram analisados 25 artigos, cinco teses e seis dissertações, totalizando 36 publicações sobre a temática o Ensino da Química no Brasil. Foi identificado que o campo da pesquisa em Ensino de Química vem apresentando grande desenvolvimento e interesse cada vez maior por parte da comunidade acadêmica mostrando um amadurecimento dos programas de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Química. Por outro lado, as pesquisas são ainda sustentadas por uma pequena quantidade de pesquisadores de uma região específica – sudeste. A USP destacou- se como a de maior produtividade. A UFPI foi a única Universidade representante do estado do Piauí a produzir trabalho sobre o Ensino de Química. No que se refere aos níveis, a maior parte dos trabalhos tratam-se de aspectos relacionados ao ensino superior. O ensino fundamental necessita-se de maior atenção. O tema mais encontrado nas análises foi recursos didáticos. Espera-se que este trabalho possa colaborar de alguma maneira para a comunidade acadêmica, ainda que de forma preliminar e dado o seu caráter pioneiro na área, contribuir apontando para os conhecimentos produzidos, traçando algumas de suas tendências e disponibilizando materiais para consulta e subsídios para futuras pesquisas. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Química; Educação em Química; História da Química. ABSTRACT: This study deals with a literature review descriptive, usually known as "state of the art research" related to the concepts of Chemistry Teaching in Brazil. Search and survey of publications for the Teaching of Chemistry in Brazil with the following databases was conducted: SciELO, USP Digital Library, Google Scholar and Periodicals Capes, available on the Internet from 2000 to 2014. The search was conducted by entering the keywords: Chemistry Teaching, Education in Chemistry and History of Chemistry. Were analyzed 25 articles, six dissertations and theses five, totaling 36 publications on the subject of the chemistry education in Brazil. Was identified that the field of research in Chemistry Teaching has presented great development and growing interest from the academic community showing a ripening of Postgraduate programs in Chemistry Teaching. On the other hand, the research is supported by a small amount of a specific researchers - southeast. USP stands out as the highest productivity. The UFPI was the only representative of the University of Piauí state to produce work on the Chemistry Teaching. Regarding to the levels in most studies dealing with aspects related to higher education. The elementary school needs is more attention. The subject found in most analyzes was didactic resources. It is hoped that this work can contribute in some way to the academic community, albeit in a preliminary form and given its pioneering character in the area, pointing out contribute to the knowledge produced by tracing some of its trends and providing materials for consultation and subsidies future research. Keywords: Chemistry Teaching; Education in Chemistry; History of Chemistr

O Estado da Arte do Ensino da Química no Brasil, 2000-2014

RESUMO: Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo descritiva, comumente denominada “pesquisas do estado da arte”, relacionada aos conceitos do Ensino de Química no Brasil. Foi realizada uma busca e levantamento de publicações referentes ao Ensino de Química no Brasil junto aos seguintes bancos de dados: SciELO, Biblioteca Digital da USP, Google Acadêmico e Periódicos da Capes, disponíveis na Internet no período de 2000 a 2014. A busca foi realizada inserindo as palavras-chave: Ensino de Química, Educação em Química e História da Química. Foram analisados 25 artigos, cinco teses e seis dissertações, totalizando 36 publicações sobre a temática o Ensino da Química no Brasil. Foi identificado que o campo da pesquisa em Ensino de Química vem apresentando grande desenvolvimento e interesse cada vez maior por parte da comunidade acadêmica mostrando um amadurecimento dos programas de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Química. Por outro lado, as pesquisas são ainda sustentadas por uma pequena quantidade de pesquisadores de uma região específica – sudeste. A USP destacou- se como a de maior produtividade. A UFPI foi a única Universidade representante do estado do Piauí a produzir trabalho sobre o Ensino de Química. No que se refere aos níveis, a maior parte dos trabalhos tratam-se de aspectos relacionados ao ensino superior. O ensino fundamental necessita-se de maior atenção. O tema mais encontrado nas análises foi recursos didáticos. Espera-se que este trabalho possa colaborar de alguma maneira para a comunidade acadêmica, ainda que de forma preliminar e dado o seu caráter pioneiro na área, contribuir apontando para os conhecimentos produzidos, traçando algumas de suas tendências e disponibilizando materiais para consulta e subsídios para futuras pesquisas. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Química; Educação em Química; História da Química. ABSTRACT: This study deals with a literature review descriptive, usually known as "state of the art research" related to the concepts of Chemistry Teaching in Brazil. Search and survey of publications for the Teaching of Chemistry in Brazil with the following databases was conducted: SciELO, USP Digital Library, Google Scholar and Periodicals Capes, available on the Internet from 2000 to 2014. The search was conducted by entering the keywords: Chemistry Teaching, Education in Chemistry and History of Chemistry. Were analyzed 25 articles, six dissertations and theses five, totaling 36 publications on the subject of the chemistry education in Brazil. Was identified that the field of research in Chemistry Teaching has presented great development and growing interest from the academic community showing a ripening of Postgraduate programs in Chemistry Teaching. On the other hand, the research is supported by a small amount of a specific researchers - southeast. USP stands out as the highest productivity. The UFPI was the only representative of the University of Piauí state to produce work on the Chemistry Teaching. Regarding to the levels in most studies dealing with aspects related to higher education. The elementary school needs is more attention. The subject found in most analyzes was didactic resources. It is hoped that this work can contribute in some way to the academic community, albeit in a preliminary form and given its pioneering character in the area, pointing out contribute to the knowledge produced by tracing some of its trends and providing materials for consultation and subsidies future research. Keywords: Chemistry Teaching; Education in Chemistry; History of Chemistr