Role of multivesicular emulsions containing ceramides and moisturizers in the treatment of skin diseases

Human skin is a complex multilayered organ. It is the largest organ of the body. As a self-regulating barrier, the skin maintains life, preventing the entry of microorganisms and chemicals into the body and at the same time regulates the loss of heat and water from the body. It is composed of two main layers - epidermis and dermis.The epidermis is covered by a hydrolipid shell, which is maintained by the secretion of sweat and sebum glands. It helps maintain skin volume and acts as an additional barrier against bacteria and fungi.The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin, made up of cells whose cytoplasm has been replaced by keratin. Its proper function plays a key role in maintaining skin health, and improper function leads to skin diseases. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes surrounded by intercellular lipids, including ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.Disruption of the epidermal barrier is involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Recent data show its importance in other skin conditions, such as acne vulgaris and rosacea.In the treatment of these diseases should be properly selected medicinal products, dispensed with or without a prescription, therapeutic moisturizers and cleansers that help maintain the functional and structural integrity of the skin.The predominant ceramide moisturizers have become the basis for the treatment of skin diseases. New technologies for the delivery of ceramides with multivesicular emulsions delay the ceramides during release continuously and no rupture effect occurs.Multivesicular emulsion systems are a new patented technology for local delivery of medicinal products. It involves the creation of a two-phase oil-in-water emulsion system that produces concentric multilayer spheres of oil and water. The active ingredients can be released from their respective layers when applied to the skin. In addition to the controlled release of active substances, the multivesicular emulsion base improves the biophysical properties of the skin by reducing transepidermal water loss and improving skin hydration

Treatment With Exogenous Lung Surfactant

The presented literature review examines the structure of the endogenous pulmonary surfactant, as well as the use of exogenous surfactant (Curosurf®) in various pathological conditions of the respiratory system.The endogenous lung surfactant is a lipoprotein complex that is synthesized by type II alveolar cells. It supports the breathing process and is a major component of the lung's immune defenses.In clinical practice, about 80% of premature infants develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This condition requires intrabronchial administration of poractant alfa (Curosurf®), which results in reduced respiratory stress and increased survival.Apart from RDS, lung surfactants are also used in the treatment of asthma. Various mechanisms have been identified by which the surfactant is important for the pathophysiological course of the disease. Synthetic and natural surfactants that suppress the immune response can be used to treat asthma. For example, Alveofact®, Survanta® and Exosurf® lead to concentration-dependent suppression of lymphocyte function and proliferation, and Curosurf® also inhibits neutrophil activation. It also reduces the production of superoxide anions and the release of proinflammatory mediators from monocytes.Curosurf® is also relevant for Covid 19 associated pneumonia. It is believed that its intrabronchial administration will lead to improved blood oxygenation levels. Also, administration of surfactant would reduce pulmonary edema and improve the excessive inflammatory response found in autopsies of patients with COVID-19