FACIES MODEL AND STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MIRI FORMATION (MIDDLE – LATE MIOCENE),SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

Miri is the birthplace of Malaysian petroleum industry. It was discovered in 1910 and was totally abandoned in 1972 after producing about 80 million barrels of oil. However, geologically Miri remains one of the most interesting and challenging place to be resolved stratigraphically and structurally. The primary objective of the present study is to provide additional interpretation on the stratigraphy and structural geology of the Miri Formation in the Miri Field based on the new information gathered from new outcrops in the area. Eighteen outcrops were examined in detail on structural geology. Among these eighteen outcrops, five outcrops were chosen also for detail sedimentology and stratigraphy studies. Based on lithology, sedimentary structures, bedding geometry and traces fossil, the sediments of the Miri Formation were grouped into fourteen lithofacies. These facies were grouped into two main facies associations which are: (i) tide-dominated estuary; and (ii) wave-and-storm dominated facies associations. The tide-dominated estuary system of the Miri Formation are includes variety of sub environments: estuary mouth or tidal channel and sand bars (characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone with mud drapes facies), estuary channel or upper flow regime of sand flat (characterized by parallel stratified sandstone with mud-laminas facies), mixed-tidal flat (characterized by wavy and flaser bedded sandstone facies), and mud-tidal flat (characterized by rhythmic stratified sandstone-mudstone and lenticular bedding facies). The wave-and-storm dominated varied from lower to middle shoreface (characterized by hummocky cross-stratified sandstone and rhythmic parallel stratified sandstone and laminated siltstone facies), upper shoreface (characterized by swaley cross-stratified sandstone), lower shoreface (interbedded to bioturbated sandstone and siltstone facies), and offshore transitional (characterized by bioturbated sandstone and mudstone interbedding with parallel to hummocky cross-stratified sandstone facies). Results for the structural geology analysis indicate that the development of the Miri structure is interpreted into two separate periods of deformation: (i) an early period of compression, indicated by the asymmetric anticline and the reverse fault; and (ii) a later period of extension, indicated by a set of normal faults. The early period of compression related to a NW / SE compressive stress field gave rise to anticlinal feature trending in NE-SW direction. Warping and uplifting of the Miri anticline accompanied the period of compression caused brittle deformation and rupture manifested by the reverse fault. Later period of extension may have resulted from local to regional outer-arc extension. It was indicated by most of conjugate normal faults in Miri Formation has NE-SW strike orientation or parallel to the anticline axis of the Canada Hill. Rotational movements on the competent sediment of the Miri Formation also happen due to the local space created during the extension periods, thus it is possible to explain the existence of a very big contrast of thick sequence of vertically dipping section with a sub-horizontal or gently dipping sequence situated side-by-side at the Miri Hospital Road 1 outcrop. The effect of thrusting followed by the rotational movement of the sediments is the reason for the drastic change of the sequence within a very short contact zone without any significant brecciation. The tectonic system of the Miri Formation was probably the result of compressional phase occurred during the early Late Miocene while the deposition of deltaic sediment of the Miri Formation started since the Middle Miocene times. The later stage of deformation was dominated by extensional phase and probably happened shortly before the depositional loading of the West Baram Delta ends, during Late Miocene to Pliocene times. This resulted in the developments of normal faults and the associated growth fault

Combined Tide and Storm Influence on Facies Sedimentation of Miocene Miri Formation, Sarawak

This study was conducted on the sedimentary rocks belonging to the Miri Formation (Middle – Late Miocene). The primary objective of the present study is to provide additional interpretation on the stratigraphy of the Miri Formation in the Miri Field based on the new information gathered from new outcrops in the area. Five outcrops were examined in detail on sedimentology and stratigraphy. Based on lithology, sedimentary structures, bedding geometry and traces fossil, the sediments of the Miri Formation were grouped into fourteen lithofacies. Influence of tide and storm during the depositional processes of the formation were indicated by the group of two main facies associations which are: (i) tide-dominated estuary; and (ii) wave-and-storm dominated facies associations. The tide-dominated estuary system of the Miri Formation are includes variety of sub environments: estuary mouth or tidal channel and sand bars (characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone with mud drapes facies), estuary channel or upper flow regime of sand flat (characterized by parallel stratified sandstone with mud-laminas facies), mixed-tidal flat (characterized by wavy and flaser bedded sandstone facies), and mud-tidal flat (characterized by rhythmic stratified sandstone-mudstone and lenticular bedding facies). The wave-and-storm dominated varied from lower to middle shoreface (characterized by hummocky cross-stratified sandstone and rhythmic parallel stratified sandstone and laminated siltstone facies), upper shoreface (characterized by swaley cross-stratified sandstone), lower shoreface (interbedded to bioturbated sandstone and siltstone facies), and offshore transitional (characterized by bioturbated sandstone and mudstone interbedding with parallel to hummocky cross-stratified sandstone facies). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada batuan sedimen penyusun Formasi Miri (Miosen Tengah - Akhir). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan interpretasi tambahan pada stratigrafi Formasi Miri di Lapangan Miri berdasarkan informasi baru yang dikumpulkan dari singkapan batuan baru di daerah tersebut. Lima singkapan tersebut diteliti secara rinci berdasarkan aspek sedimentologi dan stratigrafi. Berdasarkan litologi, struktur sedimen, geometri perlapisan dan fosil jejak, sedimen penyusun Formasi Miri dikelompokkan ke dalam empat belas litofasies. Pengaruh pasang surut dan badai selama proses pengendapan formasi diindikasikan dari adanya dua kelompok gabungan fasies utama antara lain: (i) didominasi oleh pasang-surut muara, dan (ii) didominasi oleh gabungan fasies gelombang dan badai. Sistem yang didominasi pasang surut muara pada Formasi Miri meliputi variasi sub-lingkungan: mulut muara atau alur pasang surut, dan gosong sungai (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir dengan perlapisan saling silang dengan lempung yang mengapung), alur muara atau rezim aliran bagian atas dari dataran pasir (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir berlapis paralel dengan lumpur berlapis), campuran pasang surut normal (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir berlapis), dan lumpur pasang surut normal (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir berlapis ritmik-batulumpur dan perlapisan lenticular). Dominasi pengaruh gelombang dan badai bervariasi dari rendah ke menengah (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir berlapis silang yang hummocky dan batupasir berlapis paralel berulang dan batulanau berlapis), muka pantai bagian atas (dicirikan oleh batupasir berlapis silang yang swaley), muka pantai bagian bawah (fasies batupasir dan batulanau yang bersisipan sampai bioturtbasi), dan transisi lepas pantai (dicirikan oleh fasies batupasir bioturbasi dan batulumpur yang bersisipan dengan batupasir berlapis paralel sampai berlapis silang yang hummocky)

Facies Analysis, Sedimentology and Paleocurrent of the Quaternary Nenering Formation, Pengkalan Hulu, Malaysia

Nenering Formation is essentially made up of semi-consolidated sediments, which are divided into basal conglomerate beds, conglomeratic sandstone, cross-bedded sandstone, and siltstone to muddy layers facies. It is overlie unconformable to the Berapit Formation, but conformable to the Kroh and Grik Formations. The stratigraphy of Nenering Formation is a fining upwards sequence where the thickness of conglomerate beds become thinner upwards and become thicker for conglomeratic sandstone. The thickness varies from 0.5 m to tenths of meters. The more sandy in the upper portion (cross-bedded sandstone) overlie with thin siltstone and mudstone facies. The clast and grain composition suggested that the material making up the sedimentary sequence were derived predominantly from the erosion of granitoid rocks and sedimentary and metamorphic rocks constitute a minor provenance. Imbrications and the trend sizes of clasts indicate that the palaeo-current flow toward northeast. Cross bedding that was found in conglomerate and sandstone indicates the main channel depositional environment. The sequence stratigraphy of this area match with the Saskatchewan fluvial braided channel model. Formasi Nenering tersusun atas sedimen semi-terkonsolidasi yang terdiri atas lapisan basal konglomerat, batupasir konglomeratik, batupasir berlapisan silang siur, batulanau hingga fasies berlapisan lempung. Formasi Nenering terletak tidak selaras di atas Formasi Berapit, tetapi terletak selaras di atas Formasi Kroh dan Formasi Grik. Stratigrafi Formasi Nenering adalah menghalus ke atas, dimana ketebalan batuan konglomerat semakin menipis ke arah atas, sedangkan batupasir konglomeratik menjadi menebal ke arah atas. Ketebalan perlapisan berkisar pada 0,5 meter hingga puluhan meter. Komposisi pasir yang lebih dominan pada bagian atas (batupasir silang siur) terletak di atas fasies lapisan tipis batulanau dan batulempung. Komposisi butiran dan klastika menunjukkan bahwa material yang menyusun sekuen sedimen didominasi berasal dari erosi batuan granitik, batuan sedimen dan sedikit dari batuan metamorf. Indikasi imbrikasi dan kecenderungan Perubahan ukuran material klastika menunjukkan bahwa aliran arus purba mengarah ke timur laut, sedangkan perlapisan silang siur pada batuan konglomerat dan batupasir mengindikasikan lingkungan pengendapan berupa sungai. Sekuen stratigrafi di daerah ini sesuai dengan model lingkungan pengendapan sungai teranyam fluvial Saskatchewan

FACIES MODEL AND STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MIRI FORMATION (MIDDLE – LATE MIOCENE),SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

Miri is the birthplace of Malaysian petroleum industry. It was discovered in 1910 and was totally abandoned in 1972 after producing about 80 million barrels of oil. However, geologically Miri remains one of the most interesting and challenging place to be resolved stratigraphically and structurally. The primary objective of the present study is to provide additional interpretation on the stratigraphy and structural geology of the Miri Formation in the Miri Field based on the new information gathered from new outcrops in the area. Eighteen outcrops were examined in detail on structural geology. Among these eighteen outcrops, five outcrops were chosen also for detail sedimentology and stratigraphy studies. Based on lithology, sedimentary structures, bedding geometry and traces fossil, the sediments of the Miri Formation were grouped into fourteen lithofacies. These facies were grouped into two main facies associations which are: (i) tide-dominated estuary; and (ii) wave-and-storm dominated facies associations. The tide-dominated estuary system of the Miri Formation are includes variety of sub environments: estuary mouth or tidal channel and sand bars (characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone with mud drapes facies), estuary channel or upper flow regime of sand flat (characterized by parallel stratified sandstone with mud-laminas facies), mixed-tidal flat (characterized by wavy and flaser bedded sandstone facies), and mud-tidal flat (characterized by rhythmic stratified sandstone-mudstone and lenticular bedding facies). The wave-and-storm dominated varied from lower to middle shoreface (characterized by hummocky cross-stratified sandstone and rhythmic parallel stratified sandstone and laminated siltstone facies), upper shoreface (characterized by swaley cross-stratified sandstone), lower shoreface (interbedded to bioturbated sandstone and siltstone facies), and offshore transitional (characterized by bioturbated sandstone and mudstone interbedding with parallel to hummocky cross-stratified sandstone facies). Results for the structural geology analysis indicate that the development of the Miri structure is interpreted into two separate periods of deformation: (i) an early period of compression, indicated by the asymmetric anticline and the reverse fault; and (ii) a later period of extension, indicated by a set of normal faults. The early period of compression related to a NW / SE compressive stress field gave rise to anticlinal feature trending in NE-SW direction. Warping and uplifting of the Miri anticline accompanied the period of compression caused brittle deformation and rupture manifested by the reverse fault. Later period of extension may have resulted from local to regional outer-arc extension. It was indicated by most of conjugate normal faults in Miri Formation has NE-SW strike orientation or parallel to the anticline axis of the Canada Hill. Rotational movements on the competent sediment of the Miri Formation also happen due to the local space created during the extension periods, thus it is possible to explain the existence of a very big contrast of thick sequence of vertically dipping section with a sub-horizontal or gently dipping sequence situated side-by-side at the Miri Hospital Road 1 outcrop. The effect of thrusting followed by the rotational movement of the sediments is the reason for the drastic change of the sequence within a very short contact zone without any significant brecciation. The tectonic system of the Miri Formation was probably the result of compressional phase occurred during the early Late Miocene while the deposition of deltaic sediment of the Miri Formation started since the Middle Miocene times. The later stage of deformation was dominated by extensional phase and probably happened shortly before the depositional loading of the West Baram Delta ends, during Late Miocene to Pliocene times. This resulted in the developments of normal faults and the associated growth fault

Geology and Land Suitability Analysis for Final Processing Waste Site in Ambon Island

From 2017 to 2021, waste production in Ambon City increased from 200 tons/day to 297 tons/day, but the condition of the Toisapu landfill in Ambon did not support this. Toisapu landfill, which has been operating since 2007, is now in overload status and needs to be re-evaluated because it is on a slope of >20% and is located close to residential areas. This research aims to find an alternative replacement for the Toisapu landfill with the status of a Waste Processing and Final Processing Site that complies with Indonesian National Standards. This research uses an environmental geology approach based on Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE), which combines geological and non-geological parameters. The analysis results for each parameter are overlaid, given a value, and then totaled to produce the most feasible land. The results of this research show that the most suitable land is in Wakal with an area of 126,668 ha. The permeability of this location is low, with the groundwater being quite deep (>80 meters), so there is little chance of leachate seepage contaminating the groundwater. In contrast to the Toisapu landfill, Wakal has a slope of <20%, far from protected forests and where residents live

Structural Characteristics of The Semanggol Formation Along The East-West Highway Route 67 Baling Area, Kedah, Malaysia

The amounts of structural data available from the East-West Highway Route 67 of Baling Area have been used to unravel the structural characteristics of the Semanggol Formation, which comprises black mudstone, sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone, tuff, paraconglomerate, siliceous shale and chert. The area was cut by two sets of faults trending NW-SE and NE-SW. The main fault in this area is known as Bok Bak fault that is trending NW-SE and have moderately to steeply dips (40o-88o) as compared to the conjugate faults. Two sets of folds trending NE-SW and NW-SE were also identified in this area, where most of them are symmetrical fold with gentle to open fold varies from non-plunging to nearly moderately plunging folds. Most of the faults have parallel orientation to the fold axis, indicated this pattern probably originated at the same period of deformation due to warping and uplifting. Sejumlah data struktur geologi yang terdapat di sepanjang jalur tol Timur-Barat rute 67 daerah Baling telah digunakan untuk menguraikan karakteristik struktur dari Formasi Semanggol yang terdiri atas batu lempung hitam, batu pasir, batu pasir tufaan, tuf, para-konglomerat, batu serpih yang mengandungi silika dan batu rijang. Daerah ini dipotong oleh dua pasang patahan utama yang berarah NW-SE dan NE-SW. Sesar utama di kawasan ini dikenal sebagai Sesar Bok Bak dengan arah NW-SE dan kemiringan sedang hingga curam (40o-88o) sebanding dengan sesar konjugasinya. Dua pasang lipatan berarah NE-SW dan NW-SE juga dapat diidentifikasi di kawasan ini dimana sebagian besar dari lipatan tersebut merupakan lipatan simetri yang landai hingga terbuka dan bervariasi dari sudut penunjamannya dari tidak menunjam sama sekali hingga menunjam sedang. Kebanyakan dari sesar ini berorientasi sejajar dengan sumbu lipatan, mengindikasikan bahwa model ini kemungkinan terbentuk pada periode yang sama dengan proses terjadinya deformasi disebabkan oleh proses pelengkungan dan pengangkatan

Facies Analysis, Sedimentology and Paleocurrent of The Quaternary Nenering Formation, Pengkalan Hulu, Malaysia

Nenering Formation is essentially made up of semi-consolidated sediments, which are divided into basal conglomerate beds, conglomeratic sandstone, cross-bedded sandstone, and siltstone to muddy layers facies. It is overlie unconformable to the Berapit Formation, but conformable to the Kroh and Grik Formations. The stratigraphy of Nenering Formation is a fining upwards sequence where the thickness of conglomerate beds become thinner upwards and become thicker for conglomeratic sandstone. The thickness varies from 0.5 m to tenths of meters. The more sandy in the upper portion (cross-bedded sandstone) overlie with thin siltstone and mudstone facies. The clast and grain composition suggested that the material making up the sedimentary sequence were derived predominantly from the erosion of granitoid rocks and sedimentary and metamorphic rocks constitute a minor provenance. Imbrications and the trend sizes of clasts indicate that the palaeo-current flow toward northeast. Cross bedding that was found in conglomerate and sandstone indicates the main channel depositional environment. The sequence stratigraphy of this area match with the Saskatchewan fluvial braided channel model. Formasi Nenering tersusun atas sedimen semi-terkonsolidasi yang terdiri atas lapisan basal konglomerat, batupasir konglomeratik, batupasir berlapisan silang siur, batulanau hingga fasies berlapisan lempung. Formasi Nenering terletak tidak selaras di atas Formasi Berapit, tetapi terletak selaras di atas Formasi Kroh dan Formasi Grik. Stratigrafi Formasi Nenering adalah menghalus ke atas, dimana ketebalan batuan konglomerat semakin menipis ke arah atas, sedangkan batupasir konglomeratik menjadi menebal ke arah atas. Ketebalan perlapisan berkisar pada 0,5 meter hingga puluhan meter. Komposisi pasir yang lebih dominan pada bagian atas (batupasir silang siur) terletak di atas fasies lapisan tipis batulanau dan batulempung. Komposisi butiran dan klastika menunjukkan bahwa material yang menyusun sekuen sedimen didominasi berasal dari erosi batuan granitik, batuan sedimen dan sedikit dari batuan metamorf. Indikasi imbrikasi dan kecenderungan perubahan ukuran material klastika menunjukkan bahwa aliran arus purba mengarah ke timur laut, sedangkan perlapisan silang siur pada batuan konglomerat dan batupasir mengindikasikan lingkungan pengendapan berupa sungai. Sekuen stratigrafi di daerah ini sesuai dengan model lingkungan pengendapan sungai teranyam fluvial Saskatchewan

Correlation of antibiotics prescribing appropriateness based on the pharmaceutical care network europe (PCNE) method and clinical response in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

The use of antibiotics as the main standard of pneumonia treatment is usually prescribed in high quantities. Inappropriate selection of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance, treatment failure, and the emergence of DRPs (Drug-Related Problems). This study aims to determine the suitability of antibiotic prescribing using the PCNE method and to determine the correlation between the suitability of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response. This study was analyzed using a retrospective analytic cohort study method with data collection of adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia patients medical record, who were hospitalized in private hospital in Yogyakarta from January to December 2019. In addition, this study also assessed antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE V8.02 method toward patients’ clinical response (the number of leukocyte, temperature, and respiratory rate) after take the antibiotics. The correlation according to antibiotic prescribing analyzed according to chi-square method. The results showed that a total of 52 antibiotic regimens obtained in the evaluation of antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE method were 21.5% suitable and 78.8% not suitable. Thus, the results of the correlation test for the accuracy of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response to the number of leukocytes showed a significant relationship (p<0.05). However in this study, none significant correlation was found in antibiotic prescription and clinical response in terms of temperature and respiratory rate (p<0.05)

Correlation of antibiotics prescribing appropriateness based on the pharmaceutical care network europe (PCNE) method and clinical response in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

The use of antibiotics as the main standard of pneumonia treatment is usually prescribed in high quantities. Inappropriate selection of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance, treatment failure, and the emergence of DRPs (Drug-Related Problems). This study aims to determine the suitability of antibiotic prescribing using the PCNE method and to determine the correlation between the suitability of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response. This study was analyzed using a retrospective analytic cohort study method with data collection of adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia patients medical record, who were hospitalized in private hospital in Yogyakarta from January to December 2019. In addition, this study also assessed antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE V8.02 method toward patients’ clinical response (the number of leukocyte, temperature, and respiratory rate) after take the antibiotics. The correlation according to antibiotic prescribing analyzed according to chi-square method. The results showed that a total of 52 antibiotic regimens obtained in the evaluation of antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE method were 21.5% suitable and 78.8% not suitable. Thus, the results of the correlation test for the accuracy of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response to the number of leukocytes showed a significant relationship (p<0.05). However in this study, none significant correlation was found in antibiotic prescription and clinical response in terms of temperature and respiratory rate (p<0.05)