Counterfactual Analysis of the Efficiency of Decontamination of Livestock Production Organic Wastes

Introduction. The implementation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation is aimed at ensuring the food security of the country and requires the industrialization of the agro-industrial sector. The effectiveness of industrialization depends on the use of automated, intelligent solutions at all stages of implementing technological processes. Livestock is an agro-industrial sector generating the largest amount of organic waste materials, which are potential energy carriers: litter, liquid manure, process effluents, etc. According to the data from the Russian Statistics Committee and the research results, the annual volume of manure generated from farms is from 43.3 to 45.1 million tons, while there is an upward trend. The used energy potential from the entire volume does not exceed 40%. It is possible to increase the efficiency of using the energy potential of organic animal waste materials through implementing digitalized solutions. A strategic tool for the effective industrialization of livestock is the implementation of application software products that ensure the growth of ecological and energy effects. Aim of the Article. The aim of the study is a counterfactual evaluation of the efficiency of the model for decontaminating liquid pig manure in the decontamination activator. Materials and Methods. Counterfactual analysis is a tool for formalizing complex, multifactorial processes to ensure their subsequent digitalization. The essence of the analysis consists in a “surveyˮ of the analyzed model through which the values of variables are determined providing changes that lead to a deviation of the response beyond the boundary conditions during interpretation. The advantage of counterfactual analysis is the stability and transparency of the model to external influences during machine learning. It is known that the representative pathogenic markers of the decontamination efficiency of liquid pig manure are helminth eggs and the number of colony-forming units of common coliform bacteria (CFU CCB). However, for testing and implementing an algorithm for counterfactual analysis of a mathematical model, it is acceptable to use the number of CFU CCB. The object of the study was liquid pig manure with a humidity from 88% to 98%, the subject was a counterfactual analysis of the dependence of the number of CFU CCB on the exposure time in the activator, the concentration of active chlorine, the mass of working bodies, magnetic induction, and liquid manure humidity. Results. The results of counterfactual evaluation and analysis carried with the use of the Python programming language and the PyCharm 2022.2 environment are presented in the tables. The counterfactual evaluation made it possible to identify ranges of variation of factors, the use of which can represent the potential of boundary conditions in solving the optimization problem. The cells of these values are highlighted in grey-blue. The most preferred ranges based on counterfactual evaluation are in the cells highlighted in green. Discussion and Conclusions. There has been substantiated the prospects of using active chlorine in combination with the influence of ferromagnetic working bodies moving in an alternating rotating electromagnetic field as a decontamination activator. On the basis of counterfactual evaluation it was established that the most significant factors for determining the efficiency of decontamination of liquid pig manure by the number of CFU CCB are: magnetic induction in the working zone of the activator inductor, active chlorine concentration and exposure time

Development of the mathematical model of fuel equipment and justification for diagnosing diesel engines by injector needle displacement

This article discusses the proposed method for diagnosing diesel fuel equipment. An analysis of available methods for diagnosing fuel equipment has been carried out. The authors describe their method for diagnosing plunger pairs of a highpressure fuel pump according to the parameter of displacement of the injector needle. The design of the diagnostic device for measuring the movement of the injector needle has been developed and patented. The dependence of the maximum displacement of the injector needle on the increase, due to wear, of the radial clearance of the plunger bushing at the minimum steady state of idling of the engine has been determined. The technique of diagnosing the technical condition of plunger pairs of a high-pressure fuel pump by injector needle displacement is considered in detail

Modeling the Effect of Fertilizers on the Dynamics of Moisture Contours at Drip Irrigation

Introduction. A review of research on modeling and calculating moisture contours shows that at this stage there is a developed formalized mathematical apparatus connecting physically reasonable parameters and hydro-physical properties of soils. However, to improve the efficiency of drip irrigation and fertigation, it is necessary to determine the effect of fertilizers dissolved in irrigation water on hydrophysic properties of soil, and on the basis of the findings to determine the effect of fertilizers on shapes and sizes of moisture contours. Materials and Methods. To investigate the effect of fertilizers on the dynamics of moisture contours, potassium monophosphate was used, because it has a “bad” mobility in soil and it is cost-efficient to be introduced into irrigation water. Potassium monophosphate effects on density, viscosity, osmotic pressure, moisture contact angle and surface tension of irrigation water. As a result, there are changes in soil water retention curve and its hydraulic conductivity function. Therefore, moisture contours are formed with small, but still significant differences. Results. A software tool has been developed that allows exploring the dynamics of the moisture contours of different soil types and texture with different porosity and with a previously known moisture distribution in depth. Discussion and Сonclusion. When potassium monophosphate or other nutrients are added to water, small changes of the formation of moisture contours are observed. The results obtained enable us to calculate irrigation norms at the design stage of the planning process of fertilizer distribution with irrigation water during drip irrigation for different concentrations.</jats:p

Changing the Contact Wetting Angles when Adding Surface-Active Substances to Washing Solutions

Introduction. The technological processes of the washing contaminations are largely determined by the nature of the surface being cleaned, the contamination type and the environment, in which the cleaning is carried out. The efficiency of the process depends on the contact of the detergent with the surface being washed. The wetting characteristic is a contact angle, which is a measure of the relative attraction of a liquid to a solid and to liquid itself. The physico-chemical activity of the washing medium determines the costs and, consequently, the optimal parameters of the washing process. In addition, it affects the increase in corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is relevant to determine the functional dependence of the contact wetting angle on the concentration of various combinations of surfactants. Materials and Methods.The determination of the contact wetting angle is based on the statistical processing of a photograph of a detergent drop on a horizontal surface by a specially created program that allows obtaining an array of data to describe the shape of a drop from which the contact wetting angle is calculated. The values of the contact wetting angle were measured when varying concentrations of such synthetic detergents as Labomid-203, MS-8, ML-51, etc. Multiplicative power functions connecting the magnitude of the contact wetting angle with surfactant concentrations were obtained. Results. The studies has shown that an increase in the concentration of potassium monoborate with Labomid-203 by 1 % leads to a decrease in the contact wetting angle by 0.54 %; potassium monoborate with MS-8 by 0.78 %; and potassium monoborate with ML-51 by 0.48 %, the function shows a decreasing return to an increase in concentration. Discussion and Conclusion. In all the considered cases, a decreasing return of the magnitude of the contact wetting angle to an increase in the concentration of surfactants was established, regardless of which combination of substances was used. That is, the investigated concentrations of surfactants exceeded the limit value when they gave an increasing return to the increase in their content in the washing solution. Thus, it can be concluded that for the considered combinations the percentage of surfactant is redundant.</jats:p

Substantiation of the parameters of the installation for irradiation of raw milk with electromagnetic energy

The parameters of the installation for irradiating raw milk with a microwave field have been obtained. The required electric field strength, which ensures the disinfection of milk in accordance with sanitary standards, has been determined. Keywords: WAVELENGTH; CAVITY RESONATOR; RADIATION FREQUENCY; ROUND WAVEGUIDE; MICROWAVE FIELD</jats:p