The Transition. Convergence and discrepancy in the international and national press coverage of Spain’s major postwar international news export

The role of the national and foreign press in the news coverage of the Spanish transition to democracy (1975-1978) has been a constant reference in the historical study of the period of political change after the end of the Francoist dictatorship. In this article we present the general results of three research projects concerning the role of the foreign press, of the Spanish daily press and the magazine marketin which we can observe both convergence and discrepance in the news narrative, editorial behaviour and political standpoints. The greater independence and informative freedom of the foreign press contrasts with the proximity of the Spanish press to both King and government with the exception of the critical support to reform expressed in both the new political magazines and newspapers during the first few months of the process of political change.El papel de la prensa nacional y extranjera en la cobertura informativa de la Transición española a la democracia (1975-1978) ha sido una referencia constante en la historiografía del período de cambio político en España tras el final de la dictadura de Franco, así como en la cultura periodística. En este artículo presentamos los resultados generales de tres proyectos de investigación sobre el papel de la prensa extranjera, de la prensa diaria española y de la prensa no diaria enlos que se pueden comprobar convergencias y discrepancias en el relato informativo, las valoraciones editoriales y los posicionamientos políticos. La mayor independencia y libertad informativa de la prensa extranjera contrasta con la proximidad de la prensa española al rey y al gobierno, con la excepción del apoyo crítico a la reforma de las nuevas revistas políticas y los diarios surgidos en los primeros meses del proceso de cambio político

Advocacy journalism: últimes notícies del debat sobre l'ètica periodística i la cobertura del conflicte armat

Entre els debats més importants del reporterisme de guerra contemporani, l'arribada del denominat periodisme patriòtic i la concurrent consolidació d'una forma intervencionista de periodisme bèl·lic conegut com advocacy journalism poden ser considerats com els més rellevants. El present article traça la imposició d'aquests dos models i considera les seves repercussions per al periodisme internacional. La neutralitat del reporter de guerra, la compatibilitat complexa de patriotisme i professionalisme, i el nivell d'intervenció legítima del periodista són els aspectes tractats des de perspectives enfrontades.Advocacy journalism: latest news on the media ethics debate and the coverage of armed conflict The advent of so-called patriotic journalism and the concurrent consolidation of a controversial and interventionist form of conflict journalism, referred to as advocacy journalism, are amongst the most important debates in contemporary war reporting. This article briefly traces the imposition of these models and considers their ethical repercussions on international journalism. The neutrality of the war reporter, the complex compatibility of patriotism and professionalism and the level of legitimate intervention on behalf of the journalist are all aspects that are considered here from opposing perspectives

Advocacy journalism: últimes notícies del debat sobre l'ètica periodística i la cobertura del conflicte armat

Entre els debats més importants del reporterisme de guerra contemporani, l'arribada del denominat periodisme patriòtic i la concurrent consolidació d'una forma intervencionista de periodisme bèl·lic conegut com advocacy journalism poden ser considerats com els més rellevants. El present article traça la imposició d'aquests dos models i considera les seves repercussions per al periodisme internacional. La neutralitat del reporter de guerra, la compatibilitat complexa de patriotisme i professionalisme, i el nivell d'intervenció legítima del periodista són els aspectes tractats des de perspectives enfrontades.Advocacy journalism: latest news on the media ethics debate and the coverage of armed conflict The advent of so-called patriotic journalism and the concurrent consolidation of a controversial and interventionist form of conflict journalism, referred to as advocacy journalism, are amongst the most important debates in contemporary war reporting. This article briefly traces the imposition of these models and considers their ethical repercussions on international journalism. The neutrality of the war reporter, the complex compatibility of patriotism and professionalism and the level of legitimate intervention on behalf of the journalist are all aspects that are considered here from opposing perspectives

Social Media as News Source in International Conflicts. Journalistic practice in Catalan Television bulletins during the Arab Spring in Egypt

El presente artículo analiza el uso de social media como fuente de información en el desarrollo de conflictos internacionales. Para ello se utiliza como estudio de caso el empleo de fuentes como Twitter o Facebook durante la cobertura informativa del estallido de la denominada Primavera Árabe por parte de la cadena de televisión pública Televisión de Cataluña, TV3. Se trata de un conflicto de interés internacional en el cual los medios sociales fueron un actor comunicativo destacado. Analizamos si esta presencia de medios sociales en el conflicto se ve reflejada en los informativos deTV3, dado que el uso de social media como fuente de información comporta un debate deontológico sobre su legitimidad, capacidad de verificación y falta de prestigio cuando se comparan con las fuentes oficiales, tal y como se observa en la literatura académica especializada. El análisis de contenido de las unidades informativas que conforman la muestra y los datos aportados por los redactores y máximos responsables de la sección de Internacional de la cadena nos revelan un peso escaso de los social media como fuente de información en las noticias, mientras destaca el ciudadano como fuente no oficial. Esta jerarquización de fuentes responde a la línea editorial de una cadena de recursos limitados en la que se prima la calidad de la noticia con cobertura informativa sobre el terreno, frente a la inmediatez que proporcionan los medios sociales como fuente y a la dificultad que conlleva su verificación. A pesar de ser una revuelta conocida como the Facebook Revolution, los medios mostraron reticencias a la hora de incorporarlos en sus rutinas profesionales. Los resultados nos plantean un debate abierto sobre la omnipresencia de medios sociales en el día a día del periodista y la poca presencia detectada en su producción informativa.This article analyzes the use of social media as a source of information in the development of international conflicts. For this purpose, the use of sources such as Twitter or Facebook during the coverage of the outbreak of the so-called Arab Spring by apublic television channel such as the Catalan station TV3 is used as a case study. In this international conflict, social media was a prominent news actor. We analyze whether the presence of social media in the conflict is reflected in the news items broadcast byTV3, since the use of social media as a source of information entails a deontological debate about its legitimacy, verification capacity and lack of prestige when compared to official sources, as can be seen in the specialized academic literature. The content analysis of the sample and the data provided by the editors and senior figures of the International section of the channel reveal a lack of social media as a source of information in the news, whilst highlighting the citizen as an official source. This source hierarchy responds to the editorial line of a media outlet with limited resources in which the quality of the news in the field is considered a priority as opposed to the immediacy provided by social media as a source and the difficulty of its verification. Despite being a popular revolt known as the Facebook Revolution the media showed a certain reluctance to incorporate social media into their professional routines. The results present an open debate about the omnipresence of social media in the daily life of the journalist compared to the reduced presence detected in his or her news output

Habitat change mediates the response of coral reef fish populations to terrestrial run-off

Coastal fish populations are typically threatened by multiple human activities, including fishing pressure and run-off of terrestrial pollution. Linking multiple threats to their impacts on fish populations is challenging because the threats may influence a species directly, or indirectly, via its habitats and its interactions with other species. Here we examine spatial variation in abundance of coral reef fish across gradients of fishing pressure and turbidity in Fiji. We explicitly account for multiple pathways of influence to test the alternative hypotheses that (1) habitat moderates predation by providing shelter, so habitat loss only affects prey fish populations if there are abundant predators, (2) habitat change co-drives biomass of both prey and predator functional groups. We examined responses of 7 fish functional groups and found that habitat change co-drives both predator and prey responses to turbidity. Abundances of all functional groups were associated with changes in habitat cover; however, the responses of their habitats to turbidity were mixed. Planktivore and piscivore abundance were lower in areas of high turbidity, because cover of their preferred habitats was lower. Invertivore, browser and grazer abundance did not change strongly over the turbidity gradient, because different components of their habitats exhibited both increases and decreases with turbidity. The effects of turbidity on fish populations were minor in areas where fish populations were already depleted by fishing. These findings suggest that terrestrial run-off modifies the composition of reef fish communities indirectly by affecting the benthic habitats that reef fish use

Human astrocytes and microglia show augmented ingestion of synapses in Alzheimer's disease via MFG-E8

Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data from mouse models suggests microglia are important for synapse degeneration, but direct human evidence for any glial involvement in synapse removal in human AD remains to be established. Here we observe astrocytes and microglia from human brains contain greater amounts of synaptic protein in AD compared with non-disease controls, and that proximity to amyloid-β plaques and the APOE4 risk gene exacerbate this effect. In culture, mouse and human astrocytes and primary mouse and human microglia phagocytose AD patient-derived synapses more than synapses from controls. Inhibiting interactions of MFG-E8 rescues the elevated engulfment of AD synapses by astrocytes and microglia without affecting control synapse uptake. Thus, AD promotes increased synapse ingestion by human glial cells at least in part via an MFG-E8 opsonophagocytic mechanism with potential for targeted therapeutic manipulation.</p

Preconception Care in International Settings

Objectives: This literature review briefly describes international programs, policies, and activities related to preconception care and resulting pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Electronic databases were searched and findings supplemented with secondary references cited in the original articles as well as textbook chapters, declarations, reports, and recommendations. Results: Forty-two articles, book chapters, declarations, and other published materials were reviewed. Policies, programs, and recommendations related to preconceptional health promotion exist worldwide and comprise a readily identifiable component of historic and modern initiatives pertaining to women's health, reproductive freedom, and child survival. Conclusions: The integration of preconception care services within a larger maternal and child health continuum of care is well aligned with a prevention-based approach to enhancing global health

Capturing residents' values for urban green space: mapping, analysis and guidance for practice

Planning for green space is guided by standards and guidelines but there is currently little understanding of the variety of values people assign to green spaces or their determinants. Land use planners need to know what values are associated with different landscape characteristics and how value elicitation techniques can inform decisions. We designed a Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) study and surveyed residents of four urbanising suburbs in the Lower Hunter region of NSW, Australia. Participants assigned dots on maps to indicate places they associated with a typology of values (specific attributes or functions considered important) and negative qualities related to green spaces. The marker points were digitised and aggregated according to discrete park polygons for statistical analysis. People assigned a variety of values to green spaces (such as aesthetic value or social interaction value), which were related to landscape characteristics. Some variables (e.g. distance to water) were statistically associated with multiple open space values. Distance from place of residence however did not strongly influence value assignment after landscape configuration was accounted for. Value compatibility analysis revealed that some values co-occurred in park polygons more than others (e.g. nature value and health/therapeutic value). Results highlight the potential for PPGIS techniques to inform green space planning through the spatial representation of complex human-nature relationships. However, a number of potential pitfalls and challenges should be addressed. These include the non-random spatial arrangement of landscape features that can skew interpretation of results and the need to communicate clearly about theory that explains observed patterns

MEGARA, the new intermediate-resolution optical IFU and MOS for GTC: getting ready for the telescope

MEGARA (Multi-Espectrógrafo en GTC de Alta Resolución para Astronomía) is an optical Integral-Field Unit (IFU) and Multi-Object Spectrograph (MOS) designed for the GTC 10.4m telescope in La Palma that is being built by a Consortium led by UCM (Spain) that also includes INAOE (Mexico), IAA-CSIC (Spain), and UPM (Spain). The instrument is currently finishing AIV and will be sent to GTC on November 2016 for its on-sky commissioning on April 2017. The MEGARA IFU fiber bundle (LCB) covers 12.5x11.3 arcsec2 with a spaxel size of 0.62 arcsec while the MEGARA MOS mode allows observing up to 92 objects in a region of 3.5x3.5 arcmin2 around the IFU. The IFU and MOS modes of MEGARA will provide identical intermediate-to-high spectral resolutions (RFWHM~6,000, 12,000 and 18,700, respectively for the low-, mid- and high-resolution Volume Phase Holographic gratings) in the range 3700-9800ÅÅ. An x-y mechanism placed at the pseudo-slit position allows (1) exchanging between the two observing modes and (2) focusing the spectrograph for each VPH setup. The spectrograph is a collimator-camera system that has a total of 11 VPHs simultaneously available (out of the 18 VPHs designed and being built) that are placed in the pupil by means of a wheel and an insertion mechanism. The custom-made cryostat hosts a 4kx4k 15-μm CCD. The unique characteristics of MEGARA in terms of throughput and versatility and the unsurpassed collecting are of GTC make of this instrument the most efficient tool to date to analyze astrophysical objects at intermediate spectral resolutions. In these proceedings we present a summary of the instrument characteristics and the results from the AIV phase. All subsystems have been successfully integrated and the system-level AIV phase is progressing as expected

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio