Ineffective-Assistance-of-Counsel Blues: Navigating the Muddy Waters of Georgia Law After 2010 State Supreme Court Decisions

The constitutional right to counsel is a guarantee ofeffective counsel, but vindicating this right through anineffective assistance of counsel challenge (IC) is difficultfor most defendants, especially indigent ones. In Georgia,the difficulty of arguing a successful IAC claim isheightened by strange rules for when such claims can beraised. Georgia long has adhered to an IAC timingapproach that few other jurisdictions still follow and theSupreme Court has rejected, threatening waiver ifdefendants do not argue IAC as early as practicable.When appellate counsel is new, this opportunity is thedirect appeal. In contrast, most courts prefer that IACclaims be raised at collateral review.In 2008, the Georgia Supreme Court made the state\u27srules even more unique, suggesting that indigentdefendants were entitled to new appellate counsel withoutany threshold showing of merit, which (though unspokenby the court) would jump-start the ticking clock towardwaiver. Many lambasted this rule as deepening perceivedproblems with Georgia\u27s IAC timing rules in an indigentdefense system already struggling for resources. A pair of 2010 cases, however, suggests that the state court may betempering both this no-threshold rule and Georgia\u27sapproach to IAC timing, more broadly.This Note evaluates those cases and their implicationsfor Georgia\u27s rules, as well as the larger debate about theideal approach to IAC timing

A centennial reappraisal of Heisenberg's Quantum Mechanics with a perspective on Einstein's Quantum Riddle

Heisenberg's breakthrough in his July 1925 paper that set in motion the development of Quantum Mechanics through subsequent papers by Born, Jordan, Heisenberg and also Dirac (from 1925 to 1927) is reexamined through a modern lens. In this paper, we shall discuss some new perspectives on (i) what could be the guiding intuitions for his discoveries and (ii) the origin of the Born-Jordan-Heisenberg canonical quantization rule. From this vantage point we may get an insight into Einstein's Quantum Riddle (Lande1974,Sommerfeld1918,Born1926) and a possible glimpse of what might come next after the last 100 years of Heisenberg's quantum mechanics.Comment: (This is the preprint of a paper dedicated to the celebration of 100 years of quantum mechanics, on the anniversary of Heisenberg's founding paper on the subject in July 1925, to be published in a celebratory volume in July 2025 by World Scientific Publications, Singapore

First, do no harm: Evaluating resources for teaching social entrepreneurship

We reviewed two key repositories of social entrepreneurship pedagogical resources: Ashoka.org and CasePlace.org. Each provides a set of useful resources, comprising videos, syllabi, cases, readings and other resources that make it easy for instructors to design social entrepreneurship courses, modules, or programs. We caution against what we see as overenthusiasm for the topic, however, since social entrepreneurship involves tinkering with social structures, sometimes with disastrous unintended effects. We advise instructors to teach their students to think critically about social entrepreneurship initiatives, since they include the potential for harm as well as good. © Academy of Management Learning & Education

Selective Heat Sintering Versus Laser Sintering: Comparison of Deposition Rate, Process Energy Consumption and Cost Performance

The Selective Heat Sintering (SHS) process has become available as a low cost alternative to Laser Sintering (LS) for the additive deposition of polymer objects. While both processes belong to the powder bed fusion variant of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, their operating principles vary significantly: SHS employs a thermal print head to selectively fuse material powder, whereas the LS approach utilizes a laser beam coupled with a galvanometer. Based on a series of build experiments, this research compares these technology variants along three dimensions of process efficiency: deposition rate (measured in cm³/h), specific process energy consumption (MJ/kg) and specific cost ($/cm³). To ensure that both platforms are assessed under the condition of efficient technology utilization, an automatic build volume packing algorithm is employed to configure a subset of build experiments. Beyond reporting absolute and relative process performance, this paper additionally investigates how sensitive the compared processes are to a variation in the degree of capacity utilization and discusses the application of different levels of indirect cost in models of low cost AM.Mechanical Engineerin

Transport Out of the Antarctic Polar Vortex from a Three-dimensional Transport Model

[1] A three-dimensional chemical transport model is utilized to study the transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex during the southern hemisphere spring. On average, over five consecutive years between 1993 and 1997, horizontal transport out of the vortex into the midlatitude stratosphere is smaller than vertical transport into the troposphere. However, there is significant interannual variability in the magnitude of mass exchange, which is related to year-to-year fluctuations in planetary wave activity. In 1994 the net loss of the vortex tracer mass in September is similar to that in October. However, the relative mass flux entering the midlatitude stratosphere and the troposphere differ between the two months. The ratio of horizontal transport out of the vortex to vertical transport into the troposphere is about 3:7 in September and 5:5 in October, indicating the higher permeability of the vortex in October compared to September. The September mass flux into the troposphere is larger than in October, consistent with the fact that stronger diabatic cooling occurs in September than October over Antarctica. The estimated ozone change at southern midlatitudes due to the intrusion of ozone-depleted air from high latitudes during September–October 1994 is about −0.44% per decade, which could contribute up to 10% of observed ozone decline at southern midlatitudes in spring. This amount is an underestimate of the dilution effect from high latitudes during the spring season, as it does not include the vortex breakup in late spring

High Viscosity Jetting of Conductive and Dielectric Pastes for Printed Electronics

Ink-jet printing of multiple materials in 3 dimensions is a promising alternative to traditional patterning methods due to its flexibility, scalability and accuracy. However, the printability of the inks is strongly restricted by material properties such as surface tension and viscosity. Dispensing high viscosity fluids on a drop-on-demand approach is a potential solution that can facilitate the incorporation of new materials to the jetting catalogue. Consequently, in this study 2 micro-dispensing valves are used in combination with a mechanical stage to deposit conductive and dielectric pastes with viscosities of 15.3 ± 0.2 and 0.638 ± 0.005 Pa·s (at 25°C and 10 s-1 shear rate) respectively. Crucial printing parameters such as pressure, temperature, pulse shape and drop spacing are studied in order to optimise the process. Additionally, post-printing characteristics such as contact angle of different materials and cured layer profiles are also measured and taken into account during the designing of the 3D patterns to minimise the negative effects of the thickness miss-match of different materials. Finally, the manufacturing capability of the set-up is demonstrated by the fabrication of a functional device using a combination of “pick-and-place” components and high viscosity jetting.Mechanical Engineerin

How Can Material Jetting Systems Be Upgraded for More Efficient Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing

Multi-material Additive Manufacturing (AM) platforms are able to build up components from multiple materials in a single layer-by-layer process. It is expected that this capability will enable the manufacturing of functional structures within products, such as conductive tracks or optical pathways, resulting in radically novel products with unprecedented degrees of functional density. An important variant of commercially available multi-material AM technology is material jetting, which is currently in commercial use for the manufacture of prototypes and design studies. This paper presents a detailed process model of build-time, energy consumption and production cost for the Stratasys Objet 260 Connex system, analyzing the contemporaneous deposition of two different types of photopolymers (Veroclear RGD810 and Tangoblack FLX973). By using this process model to anticipate the effects of various upgrades to the investigated system, such as a larger build volume and a higher deposition speed, this forward-looking paper explores pathways to enhancing the value proposition of such multi-material systems through incremental technology improvement.Mechanical Engineerin

Inserting Components into Geometries Constructed onto a Non-Standard Substrate for Electronics Packaging

Additive manufacturing (AM) has matured from its initial concept as a prototyping technique to an industrial manufacturing process. Consequently, AM processes must meet relevant standards for an increasing number of applications. Here, we investigate inserting components into geometries constructed onto a silicon nitride substrate, using stereolithography (SLA), for the purpose of electronics packaging. Compared to conventional processes, SLA avoids high temperatures and stresses while permitting much greater flexibility to arrange components in three dimensions. This facilitates an increased feature density and the construction of packages for use in complex spaces. A characteristic of interest to this application, is the SLA material-substrate interaction and the resulting quality of adhesion. The adhesion mechanism between SLA and silicon nitride is investigated and substantially enhanced by a pre-treatment process. A process for then inserting large and complex geometries and components into the SLA build process is identified and compliance of the product with relevant standards is reviewed.Mechanical Engineerin

Dynamics of water evaporation from porous asphalt

The dynamics of water evaporation from porous asphalt mixture, with porosity ranging from 15% to 12 29%, have been investigated in this article. In order to test the same samples under different conditions, the pore structure of asphalt was quantified using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scans and 3D printed in transparent resin blocks. 3D printed transparent resin samples were tested under controlled laboratory conditions to understand the effect of pore space topology on the water retention and drying dynamics. The macroporosity, pore size distribution, air void tortuosity, water conductivity, and water retention curves of the 3D printed porous asphalt samples were quantified by means of image analysis. Moreover, a model was developed and tested experimentally to estimate the evaporation rates from porous asphalt materials under a wide range of porosities. Within the range of asphalt mixtures studied in the present work, the evaporation rate is related predominantly to the porosity, pore size distribution and tortuosity. It was found that the period over which water evaporation occurs at the surface is relatively short during drying of porous asphalt materials due to their relatively large pores weakening the capillary forces. This results in significantly shortening the so-called stage-1 evaporation (when the drying rate is controlled by liquid vaporisation at the surface) and early onset of the transition period (when both surface water evaporation and vapour diffusion inside porous asphalt play a comparable role in supplying the 26 evaporative demand). The transition period is followed by the stage-2 evaporation when the process is limited by the vapour diffusion inside the porous asphalt. Our results illustrate that the beginning of the stage-2 evaporation depends on the porosity and tortuosity of the porous asphalt material among other parameters. Our results and analysis provide new insights into the dynamics of water evaporation from asphalt materials