Utilizzare la Statistica per il Monitoraggio dei grandi eventi sociali a Brescia Smart City

Da un anno Comune e Università di Brescia collaborano alla sperimentazione delle possibilità offerte dai dati di telefonia mobile per ottenere indicazioni utili a migliorare la qualità dei grandi eventi sociali che si svolgono in città. Le manifestazioni del 2013 individuate per avviare tale attività sono molto conosciute al grande pubblico: la gara automobilistica storica Mille Miglia e la competizione ciclistica Giro d’Italia, che per la prima volta si concludeva a Brescia. Ma la sperimentazione continua anche nel 2014, con il monitoraggio della manifestazione cittadina chiamata Notte Bianca. Dopo aver superato alcuni problemi tecnici legati al trattamento e alla sintesi dei dati ottenuti nelle tre occasioni, l’analisi statistica ha permesso di valutare le grandi potenzialità di questa fonte informativa, a supporto della programmazione di tali eventi e più in generale del marketing territoriale

Shared passengers & goods urban transport solutions and public transport operators: Which challenges? The case of Milan through an international comparison

Nowadays, in a sustainable urban development point of view, cities are looking for instruments and policies to ensure an efficient and effective urban mobility for both passengers and goods. Indeed, optimizing passengers and goods flows in the urban area while reducing the externalities linked to direct mobility's improvements, become more and more stressing. Goods transport, long excluded from the city's problems, seems now attract renewed interest both from the traditional players such as institutional or professionals of road transport, but also from the new players such as operators of public transport. Some operators are wondering whether or not to enter further into this issue: design and manage combined urban transport solutions, which allow a smooth sharing of passengers and goods could be a real opportunity to extend their services. Unfortunately, not much is known concerning how these innovative solutions can be integrated into companies' strategy, and examples of involvement of public transport operators in urban goods transport and urban logistics are still few. The aim of this paper is to explore this issue. At first, the concept of combined passengers/goods urban transport is defined and existing solutions are described, carried out on an international survey. Than, experiences of European operators involved in combined passengers/goods urban transport solutions are analysed. From this framework, the paper discusses the conditions and economic factors that may make such solutions an interesting alternative to traditional urban transport services' production. In a last section, some scenarios will be proposed, based on Milan's urban transport system

A shared " passengers & goods " city logistics system

International audienceMany strategic planning models have been developed to help decision making in city logistics. Such models do not take into account, or very few, the flow of passengers because the considered unit does not have the same nature (a person is active and a good is passive). However, it seems fundamental to gather the goods and the passengers in one model when their respective transports interact with each other. In this context, we suggest assessing a shared passengers & goods city logistics system where the spare capacity of public transport is used to distribute goods toward the city core. We model the problem as a vehicle routing problem with transfers and give a mathematical formulation. Then we propose an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) to solve it. This approach is evaluated on data sets generated following a field study in the city of La Rochelle in France

Optimization of a city logistics transportation system with mixed passengers and goods

International audienceIn this paper, we propose a mathematical model and an adaptive large neighborhood search to solve a two{tiered transportation problem arising in the distribution of goods in congested city cores. In the rst tier, goods are transported in city buses from a consolidation and distribution center to a set of bus stops. The main idea is to use the buses spare capacity to drive the goods in the city core. In the second tier, nal customers are distributed by a eet of near{zero emissions city freighters. This system requires transferring the goods from buses to city freighters at the bus stops. We model the corresponding optimization problem as a variant of the pickup and delivery problem with transfers and solve it with an adaptive large neighborhood search. To evaluate its results, lower bounds are calculated with a column generation approach. The algorithm is assessed on data sets derived from a eld study in the medium-sized city of La Rochelle in France

Pre-Alpine and Alpine deformation at San Pellegrino pass (Dolomites, Italy)

In this work, we present the geological map of the San Pellegrino pass, inserted in the spectacular scenario of the Dolomiti region (Southern Alps, Italy), at a scale of 1:10.000 and accompanied by geological cross-sections. The detailed distinction of lithological thin units allowed to achieve a consistent interpretation of the local structural setting by drawing brittle and ductile Alpine tectonic deformations. The differential deformation and structural styles within the geological map are the result of the different rheological nature of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, as well as of the superimposition of compressional Alpine tectonics over Permo-Mesozoic extensional tectonic phases, and consequent reactivation of inherited structures

Acute Prosthetic Joint Infections with Poor Outcome Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Producing the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) producing the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) affects the outcome of Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI). Patients with acute and chronic PJI sustained by SA were prospectively enrolled at the orthopedic unit of "Casa di Cura Santa Maria Maddalena", from January 2019 to October 2021. PJI diagnosis was reached according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Consensus Meeting on PJI of Philadelphia. Synovial fluid obtained via joint aspirations was collected in order to isolate SA. The detection of PVL was performed via real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The outcome assessment was performed using the criteria of the Delphi-based International Multidisciplinary Consensus. Twelve cases of PJI caused by SA were included. Nine (75%) cases were acute PJI treated using debridement, antibiotic and implant retention (DAIR); the remaining three (25%) were chronic PJI treated using two-stage (n = 2) and one-stage revision (n = 1), respectively. The SA strains that tested positive for PVL genes were 5/12 (41.6%,). Treatment failure was documented in three cases of acute PJI treated using DAIR, all supported by SA-PVL strains (p < 0.045). The remaining two cases were chronic PJI treated with a revision arthroplasty (one and two stage, respectively), with a 100% eradication rate in a medium follow-up of 24 months. Although a small case series, our study showed a 100% failure rate in acute PJI, probably caused by SA PVL-producing strains treated conservatively (p < 0.04). In this setting, toxin research should guide radical surgical treatment and targeted antibiotic therapy

Estimating SARS-CoV-2 transmission in educational settings: a retrospective cohort study

Background School closures and distance learning have been extensively adopted to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the contribution of school transmission to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains poorly quantified. Methods We analyzed transmission patterns associated with 976 SARS-CoV-2 exposure events, involving 460 positive individuals, as identified in early 2021 through routine surveillance and an extensive screening conducted on students, school personnel, and their household members in a small Italian municipality. In addition to population screenings and contact-tracing operations, reactive closures of class and schools were implemented. Results From the analysis of 152 clear infection episodes and 584 exposure events identified by epidemiological investigations, we estimated that approximately 50%, 21%, and 29% of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was associated with household, school, and community contacts, respectively. We found substantial transmission heterogeneities, with 20% positive individuals causing 75% to 80% of ascertained infection episodes. A higher proportion of infected individuals causing onward transmission was found among students (46.2% vs. 25%, on average), who also caused a markedly higher number of secondary cases (mean: 1.03 vs. 0.35). By reconstructing likely transmission chains from the entire set of exposures identified during contact-tracing operations, we found that clusters originated from students or school personnel were associated with a larger average cluster size (3.32 vs. 1.15) and a larger average number of generations in the transmission chain (1.56 vs. 1.17). Conclusions Uncontrolled SARS-CoV-2 transmission at school could disrupt the regular conduct of teaching activities, likely seeding the transmission into other settings, and increasing the burden on contact-tracing operations

Estimating SARS-CoV-2 transmission in educational settings: a retrospective cohort study

Background School closures and distance learning have been extensively adopted to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the contribution of school transmission to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains poorly quantified. Methods We analyzed transmission patterns associated with 976 SARS-CoV-2 exposure events, involving 460 positive individuals, as identified in early 2021 through routine surveillance and an extensive screening conducted on students, school personnel, and their household members in a small Italian municipality. In addition to population screenings and contact-tracing operations, reactive closures of class and schools were implemented. Results From the analysis of 152 clear infection episodes and 584 exposure events identified by epidemiological investigations, we estimated that approximately 50%, 21%, and 29% of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was associated with household, school, and community contacts, respectively. We found substantial transmission heterogeneities, with 20% positive individuals causing 75% to 80% of ascertained infection episodes. A higher proportion of infected individuals causing onward transmission was found among students (46.2% vs. 25%, on average), who also caused a markedly higher number of secondary cases (mean: 1.03 vs. 0.35). By reconstructing likely transmission chains from the entire set of exposures identified during contact-tracing operations, we found that clusters originated from students or school personnel were associated with a larger average cluster size (3.32 vs. 1.15) and a larger average number of generations in the transmission chain (1.56 vs. 1.17). Conclusions Uncontrolled SARS-CoV-2 transmission at school could disrupt the regular conduct of teaching activities, likely seeding the transmission into other settings, and increasing the burden on contact-tracing operations

Evaluation of humoral and cellular response to four vaccines against COVID-19 in different age groups: A longitudinal study

To date there has been limited head-to-head evaluation of immune responses to different types of COVID-19 vaccines. A real-world population-based longitudinal study was designed with the aim to define the magnitude and duration of immunity induced by each of four different COVID-19 vaccines available in Italy at the time of this study. Overall, 2497 individuals were enrolled at time of their first vaccination (T0). Vaccine-specific antibody responses induced over time by Comirnaty, Spikevax, Vaxzevria, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S and heterologous vaccination were compared up to six months after immunization. On a subset of Comirnaty vaccinees, serology data were correlated with the ability to neutralize a reference SARS-CoV-2 B strain, as well as Delta AY.4 and Omicron BA.1. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and memory B cells induced by the four different vaccines was assessed six months after the immunization. We found that mRNA vaccines are stronger inducer of anti-Spike IgG and B-memory cell responses. Humoral immune responses are lower in frail elderly subjects. Neutralization of the Delta AY.4 and Omicron BA.1 variants is severely impaired, especially in older individuals. Most vaccinees display a vaccine-specific T-cell memory six months after the vaccination. By describing the immunological response during the first phase of COVID-19 vaccination campaign in different cohorts and considering several aspects of the immunological response, this study allowed to collect key information that could facilitate the implementation of effective prevention and control measures against SARS-CoV-2

O aprendizado decorrente de uma ação de conscientização: como a atividade prática impactou alunos do curso de Medicina

INTRODUCTION: Given the dense curriculum, the insertion of the medical student in the community, right at the beginning of the course, is of great importance for their training, since it is through this insertion that the student is exposed to the problems present in the reality of the community. The subject Community Interaction proposed to the first year students to carry out an educational action about the most prevalent chronic diseases, namely Diabetes and Systemic Arterial Hypertension. Therefore, this experience report brings the observations made by the authors before, during and after the awareness action at the university campus in the year 2021, and the importance of the practical activity for the consolidation of knowledge. REPORT: The educational action took place in November 2021. The authors of this work were responsible for exposing to the community health and disease indicators related to the chronic conditions mentioned above. They decided to measure capillary blood glucose, blood pressure, calculate BMI, and distribute booklets containing general information and the reference values for the tests performed.  DISCUSSION: It is evident that extracurricular activities provide the insertion of the students in medical scenarios with participation in health care of real people as a strong component of professional learning. The student's relationship with the community prepares him to deal with the patient in a humanized way, which goes beyond pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION: The overall result of this social action was a sum of learning that radiates to all involved: the students matured in the learning process, and the volunteers received information about their health status.INTRODUÇÃO: Diante da densa grade curricular, a inserção do aluno de Medicina na comunidade, logo no início do curso, é de suma importância para sua formação, visto que é por meio dessa inserção que o aluno é exposto às problemáticas presentes na realidade da comunidade. A disciplina de Interação Comunitária propôs aos alunos do primeiro ano que realizassem uma ação educativa acerca das doenças crônicas mais prevalentes, a saber, o Diabetes e a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica. Portanto, o presente relato de experiência traz as observações conferidas pelos autores antes, durante e após a realização da ação de conscientização no campus da universidade no ano de 2021, e a importância da atividade prática para a consolidação do conhecimento. RELATO: A ação educativa ocorreu em novembro de 2021. Os autores deste trabalho se responsabilizaram por expor à comunidade indicadores de saúde e doença relacionados com as condições crônicas referidas anteriormente. Optou-se, então, em aferir a glicemia capilar, a pressão arterial, a realizar o cálculo do IMC e a distribuir cartilhas contendo informações gerais e os valores de referência para os exames realizados. DISCUSSÃO: Fica evidente que as atividades extracurriculares proporcionam a inserção dos acadêmicos em cenários médicos com a participação em atenção à saúde de pessoas reais como forte componente de aprendizado profissional. A relação do aluno com a comunidade o prepara para lidar com o paciente de uma forma humanizada, que vai além do tratamento farmacológico. CONCLUSÃO: O resultado geral dessa ação social foi uma somação de aprendizado que se irradia para todos os envolvidos: os alunos amadureceram quanto ao processo de aprendizagem, e os voluntários receberam informações sobre seu estado de saúde