10 research outputs found

    Relative Risk (RR) of Total Incident Cancer and of Site-Specific Cancer by Educational Attainment in Men.

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    <p>Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight kilograms divided by height in meters squared).</p>a<p>p for trend across education groups.</p>b<p>Age-adjusted Incidence rates are per 100,000 person-years by 5 year age intervals.</p>c<p>Multivariate models included the following covariates: age (yrs); race (White, Black, Hispanic and Asian, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans, combined); smoking (Never, Quit < = 1 pack per day, Quit>1 pack per day, Currently smoking < = 1 pack per day, Currently Smoking>1 pack per day); alcohol consumptions g/day (0; 0.1−<5, 5−<15, 15<30, 30+); energy (Kcal/day);BMI (<25, 25−<30, 30−<35, 35+); Physical activity (Frequency of at least 20 minutes that caused increases in breathing or heart rate, or worked up a sweat: Never/Rarely, 1–3 time per month, 1–2 times per week, 3–4 times per week, 5+ times per week, Unknown), married (yes/no); family history of cancer (yes/no).</p>d<p>Smoking related cancers include sites: head neck, esophageal, lung, pancreas, bladder.</p>e<p>For the sites of colon and prostate (local and advanced) models were adjusted for screening behavior.</p

    Baseline Characteristics According to Educational Attainment in Men and Women.

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    a<p>BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).</p>b<p>Reported screening 3 years prior to baseline for colon, breast (women only), ovarian (women only) or prostate (men only) cancers.</p>c<p>Among parous women.</p

    Hazard ratio (HRs) for mortality across the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) in men (blue diamonds) and women (red squares), in Northern (Norway, Sweden, Denmark), Central (UK, Netherlands, and Germany), and Southern (Spain, Italy, and Greece) European countries; fully adjusted model (including smoking status at recruitment, BMI in 2.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> categories, alcohol consumption at recruitment, leisure physical activity, and fruit and vegetables consumption, and stratifyied by age and centre of recruitment).

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    <p>Hazard ratio (HRs) for mortality across the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) in men (blue diamonds) and women (red squares), in Northern (Norway, Sweden, Denmark), Central (UK, Netherlands, and Germany), and Southern (Spain, Italy, and Greece) European countries; fully adjusted model (including smoking status at recruitment, BMI in 2.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> categories, alcohol consumption at recruitment, leisure physical activity, and fruit and vegetables consumption, and stratifyied by age and centre of recruitment).</p

    Cumulative mortality at different ages by education level and sex (blue lines for men, orange/red lines for women; circles for none-primary education, triangles for technical education, squares for secondary education, diamonds for university degree).

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    <p>Cumulative mortality at different ages by education level and sex (blue lines for men, orange/red lines for women; circles for none-primary education, triangles for technical education, squares for secondary education, diamonds for university degree).</p

    Relative Index of Inequality (RII) for specific causes of death in men and women.

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    *<p>stratified by centre of recruitment and age; †including smoking status at recruitment (never smoker, former smoker ≥10 years, former smoker <10 years, former smoker unknown, current smoker <15 cigarettes/day, 15–24 cigarettes/day, ≥25 cigarettes/day) and stratified by centre of recruitment; ‡ including smoking status at recruitment (as in †) and BMI in 2.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> categories (<20.0; 20.1–22.5; 22.6–25.0; 25.1–22.5; 22.6–30.0; 30.1–32.5; 32.6–35.0; 35.1–37.5; ≥37.6) and stratified by centre of recruitment; ** including smoking status at recruitment and BMI (as in ‡) and alcohol consumption at recruitment (g/day, in deciles of distribution), leisure physical activity (inactive, moderately active, active, and unknown), and fruit and vegetables consumption; ††models including smoking are adjusted for smoking status at recruitment as a categorical variable (never, current, or former smoker); age at the start of, and duration of, smoking (in years) as continuous variables; a linear and a quadratic term for current quantity smoked (number of cigarettes per day); and two interaction terms between duration and quantity and between age at start and duration; ‡‡ never smoker only.</p

    Cox regression-derived Hazard Ratios (HR) for total mortality across educational levels and across Relative Inequality Index (RII) in crude (Model 1) and adjusted (Model 2 to 4) models.

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    *<p>including sex and stratified by centre of recruitment and age; †including sex, smoking status at recruitment (never smoker, former smoker ≥10 years, former smoker <10 years, former smoker unknown, current smoker <15 cigarettes/day, 15–24 cigarettes/day, ≥25 cigarettes/day) and stratified by centre of recruitment; <b>‡</b>including sex, smoking status at recruitment (as in †) and BMI in 2.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> categories (<20.0; 20.1–22.5; 22.6–25.0; 25.1–22.5; 22.6–30.0; 30.1–32.5; 32.6–35.0; 35.1–37.5; ≥37.6) and stratified by centre of recruitment; ** including sex, smoking status at recruitment and BMI (as in ‡) and alcohol consumption at recruitment (g/day, in deciles of distribution), leisure physical activity (inactive, moderately active, active, and unknown), and fruit and vegetables consumption; ††never smoker only.</p

    Adjusted 5y weight change (in g/5y) for the iso-energetic increase of 5% of energy from one macronutrient (↑) at the expense of 5% of energy from another macronutrient (↓) according to gender before and after calibration (n = 373,803).<sup>1</sup>

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    1<p>2-levels (individuals within centers) linear mixed models adjusted for age, energy from non alcohol source, energy from alcohol, initial BMI, smoking status, education, physical activity, follow-up-time and plausible total energy intake reporting according to Goldberg (fixed effects). Intercept and macronutrient slope were entered as random effects. <sup>2</sup> Calibrated dietary data were obtained from country- and sex-specific calibration models. The 24-hour dietary values were regressed on the dietary values obtained from the main dietary questionnaire, adjusting for age, BMI at baseline total energy from non alcohol sources, energy from alcohol sources and study center. The sampling distribution of days and seasons of 24-hour dietary recall administration was corrected using a set of weights to reproduce an even distribution of recalls across weekday and season. The standard error of the coefficient was estimated using bootstrap sampling (10 loops). <sup>3</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of protein. <sup>4</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of fat. <sup>5</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of carbohydrates. <sup>6</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of plant fat. <sup>7</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of unknown fat. <sup>8</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of animal fat. <sup>9</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of plant protein. <sup>10</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of unknown protein. <sup>11</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of animal protein. <sup>12</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of starch. <sup>13</sup> Further adjusted for the percentage of sugar.</p

    Adjusted 5y weight change (in g/5y) for the substitution of 5% of either fat or carbohydrates by 5% of protein according to age, smoking status, initial BMI, educational attainment, physical activity, “prudent” dietary pattern, Goldberg criterion and center.

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    <p>Using uncalibrated data.</p>1<p>2-levels (individuals within centers) linear mixed models adjusted for sex, age, energy from non alcohol source, energy from alcohol, initial BMI, smoking status, education, physical activity, follow-up-time and plausible total energy intake reporting according to Goldberg (fixed effects). Intercept and protein intake slope were entered as random effects.</p>2<p>Potential effect modification was explored with the inclusion of interaction terms between each variable and protein intake in the models.</p>3<p>Center-specific associations were investigated using Generalized Linear Models adjusted for sex, age, energy from non alcohol source, energy from alcohol, initial BMI, smoking status, education, physical activity, follow-up-time and plausible total energy intake reporting according to Goldberg.</p><p>UK: United Kingdom; NL: The Netherlands; DE: Germany; SE: Sweden.</p
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