MOESM3 of Designing intracellular metabolism for production of target compounds by introducing a heterologous metabolic reaction based on a Synechosystis sp. 6803 genome-scale model

Additional file : Table S3. List of metabolites ignored when building the SyHyMeP

MOESM2 of Designing intracellular metabolism for production of target compounds by introducing a heterologous metabolic reaction based on a Synechosystis sp. 6803 genome-scale model

Additional file: Table S2. Detailed intracellular metabolic reactions that need to be activated, if the yield of succinic acid production according to the SyHyMeP is 155

Additional file 1 of Metabolic engineering design to enhance (R,R)-2,3-butanediol production from glycerol in Bacillus subtilis based on flux balance analysis

Additional file 1. FBA analysis results from the experimental data

Physical activity and bone : the importance of the various mechanical stimuli for bone mineral density : a review

Numerous studies have reported benefits of regular physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD). The effects of physical activity on BMD are primarily linked to the mechanisms of mechanical loading, but the understanding of the precise mechanism behind the association is incomplete. The aim of this paper was to review the main findings concerning sources and types of mechanical stimuli in relation to BMD. Mechanical forces that act on bone are generated from impact with the ground (ground-reaction forces) and from skeletal muscle contractions (muscle forces or muscle-joint forces), but the relative importance of these two sources has not been elucidated. Both muscle-joint forces and gravitational forces seem to be able to induce bone adaptation independently, and there may be differences in the importance of loading sources at different skeletal sites. The nature of the stimuli is affected by the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of the activity. The activity should be dynamic, not static, and the magnitude and rate of the stimuli should be high. In accordance with this, cross-sectional studies report highest BMD in athletes of high-impact activities such as dancing, soccer, volleyball, basketball, squash, speed skating, gymnastics, hockey, and step-aerobics. Endurance activities such as orienteering, skiing, and triathlon seem to be beneficial to a lesser degree, whereas low-impact activities such as swimming and cycling are associated with lower BMD than controls. Both the intensity and frequency of the activity should be varied and increased beyond the habitual level. Duration of the activity seems to be less important, and a few loading cycles seem to be sufficient

Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis"</p><p>http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/6/1/19</p><p>Microbial Cell Factories 2007;6():19-19.</p><p>Published online 23 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1919393.</p><p></p>s in the growth and production phases, where glutamate fluxes were 20 and 68, respectively. In this study, the fluxes with backward (exchange) reactions, i.e., those in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the latter steps of the TCA cycle (succinate → oxaloacetate), and C1 metabolisms, are shown as net values [22]. Abbreviations: Gly, glycine; Ser, serine; Glu, glutamate; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr, pyruvate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate; R5P, ribose-5-phosphate; Xu5P, xylulose-5-phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; E4P, erythrose-4-phosphate; AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; IsoCit, isocitrate; αKG, 2-oxoglutarate; Suc, succinate; Fum, fumarate; Mal, malate; Oxa, oxaloacetate

MOESM1 of Reconstruction of metabolic pathway for isobutanol production in Escherichia coli

Additional file 1. Additional files and tables

Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis"</p><p>http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/6/1/19</p><p>Microbial Cell Factories 2007;6():19-19.</p><p>Published online 23 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1919393.</p><p></p>ations of 0 (without addition), 0.5, and 0.8 mg/mL, respectively. Diamonds, triangles, and squares indicate OD, glucose, and glutamate, respectively. Dark and dotted arrows indicate the points of C glucose ([1-C] and [U-C] glucose) and Tween 40 additions, respectively

Flux distribution of L-tyrosine produced in each transformant to tyramine and biomass (all produced L-tyrosine was considered to be converted to tyramine except for the proportion incorporated into biomass).

<p>*A flux value to tyrosine building biomass was determined from OD₆₀₀ values and its conversion coefficient to dry cell weight (0.25 g-DCW/L/OD₆₀₀) by using the composition ratio of L-tyrosine in biomass [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125488#pone.0125488.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125488#pone.0125488.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>]. The flux was estimated as tyrosine concentration of culture (mmol/L). Flux distributions between tyramine and biomass from tyrosine were estimated from each concentration.</p><p>Flux distribution of L-tyrosine produced in each transformant to tyramine and biomass (all produced L-tyrosine was considered to be converted to tyramine except for the proportion incorporated into biomass).</p

Culture profiles of transformants in SD medium containing 2% glucose as the carbon source.

<p>Time-courses of (A) cell growth, (B) glucose consumption, (C) ethanol production, and (D) tyramine production for YPH499/δU/δL/<i>tdc70</i> (crosses), YPH499/δU/δL<i>ARO7</i>^<i>fbr</i>/<i>tdc70</i> (triangles), YPH499/δU<i>ARO4</i>^<i>fbr</i>/δL/<i>tdc70</i> (squares), and YPH499/δU<i>ARO4</i>^<i>fbr</i>/δL<i>ARO7</i>^<i>fbr</i>/<i>tdc70</i> (circles). Each data point shows the average of 3 independent experiments, and error bars represent the standard deviation.</p

Evaluation of <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> L-Tyrosine Decarboxylase Using L-Tyrosine Over-Producing <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

<div><p>To demonstrate that herbaceous biomass is a versatile gene resource, we focused on the model plant <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i>, and screened the <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> for homologs of tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), which is involved in the modification of aromatic compounds. A total of 5 candidate genes were identified in cDNA libraries of <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> and were introduced into <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> to evaluate TDC expression and tyramine production. It is suggested that two TDCs encoded in the transcripts Bradi2g51120.1 and Bradi2g51170.1 have L-tyrosine decarboxylation activity. Bradi2g51170.1 was introduced into the L-tyrosine over-producing strain of <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i> that was constructed by the introduction of mutant genes that promote deregulated feedback inhibition. The amount of tyramine produced by the resulting transformant was 6.6-fold higher (approximately 200 mg/L) than the control strain, indicating that <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> TDC effectively converts L-tyrosine to tyramine. Our results suggest that <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> possesses enzymes that are capable of modifying aromatic residues, and that <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i> is a suitable host for the production of L-tyrosine derivatives.</p></div