Podstawy naukowe teorii modeli biznesowych : wybrane aspekty

W ostatnich dwóch dekadach odnotowano w literaturze dotyczącej zarządzania znaczący wzrost zainteresowania teorią modeli biznesowych, jak również szeroko zakrojonej dyskusji na temat definicji modelu biznesowego. Te badania i dyskusje budziły wątpliwości dotyczące naukowego charakteru modeli biznesowych. Kwestia naukowych podstaw modeli biznesowych została w tym artykule poddana analizie i ocenie, z wykorzystaniem Metodologii Tradycji Badań Naukowych (MTBN) zaproponowanej przez Larrego Laudana. Uzyskany tą drogą rezultat potwierdził, że teoria modeli biznesowych, która jest tworzona w oparciu o fundamenty naukowe zarządzania mieści się w zakresie MTBN.During the last two decades, the literature in management studies has shown a significant increase in interest in the theory of business models, and there has been wide-ranging discussion about the definitions of those models. These studies and discussions have provoked questions about the scientific nature of business models. The question is analysed here by using the methodology of the Scientific Research Tradition (ScRT) proposed by Larry Laudan. The result confirmed that the theory of business models that is created and defined based on management sciences falls under the scope of ScRT

Ambiguity of innovation typology in innovation measurement : towards a unified typology of innovation and measurement model

Innovations are seen as opportunities to sustain and accelerate countries' development of not only their companies but also their economies. The literature on the subject presents a number of different and often contradictory typologies of innovation. This raises the problem of discrepancies in terms of the definitions, as well as possible socio-economic effects of particular types of innovation and their relationships to ex post and ex ante phases in innovation process models. So far, no attempt has been made to address the problem of unifying the typologies of innovation. The main objective of this paper is to attempt this challenge and propose one consistent typology of innovation that allows the design of a framework for an innovation measurement model. The presented research results are the next steps towards developing a consistent innovation theory, and will help design a coherent innovation measurement model

Scientific foundation of strategies towards a model for strategies

According to the fundamentals of management and strategic management literature, a model for strategies does not exist. The reason for this is simple: strategies are unique ways of managing organisations at different managerial levels and, therefore, there are many distinctive types, and even schools, of strategies. But in-depth research into the subject literature leads to a provocative question: does a model for strategies exist? If so, what components are the building blocks of this model and what logic does it represent? The objective of this paper is to identify the components that constitute any type of strategy, whether these components are specified in the definitions of strategy, and whether these components are the sine qua none of any kind of strategy. A literature review of the definitions of strategy and the various strategic schools is conducted. For the purpose of a statistical analysis, the multiple correlation coefficients is used. In addition, complexity theory paradigms and a mutatis mutandis methodological approach are implemented in order to achieve the main goal. The study results reveal the constitutive components of any type of strategy. These components, which are ordered within a cause-effect hierarchy, compose a new design, with logic based on their cause-effect association, and are concatenated into a complex model for strategies. This newly designed model for strategies is/should be/represents the core of any kind of strategy. It is the simplest and most universal quantum required for strategies, containing only five components that cause the complexity of their entanglement design and logic

Sources of intellectual capital acquisition

Research related to intellectual capital (IC) concerns its use and impact on the selected results achieved by enterprises. IC is analysed as a single stream of enterprises’ internal resources. Since IC is used in the business activities of enterprises, it must also be acquired. However, research conducted so far does not cover the area of IC acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research undertaken in a relatively new area of IC acquisition that has not been scientifically explored over a research period of several years. The research covered innovative small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that were developing software in Poland from 2005 to 2019. The data series allowed the use of dedicated analysis tools, including the dynamic changes over time, multidimensional comparison and cluster analysis. The primary conclusions revealed that the acquisition of IC is a process that takes place simultaneously and continuously in two independent streams—internal and external—and that the external sources of IC were more important for SMEs covered by the research. Continued research will allow comparative analyses between various branches or sectors of the economy to bring new knowledge about the importance of IC to the business activities of enterprises

Patent Licensing in Selected European Countries

The issue of the commercialization of patents, as an exemplification of the industrial property, is mostly considered at the microeconomic level. Patent commercialization belongs to the innovation management process, which takes place in innovative organizations. Such microeconomic research approach does not take into account the phenomenon of the intellectual property simultaneous spread and use of scientific and technical knowledge in the economy. These observations lead to undertaking research on the commercial use of patents in the economy. The aim of this paper is to present the research results of the patent licensing as one of the forms of commercialization in the selected European countries in the long time period. The main purpose of undertaken research was to identify and measure the patent licensing dynamics, which is part of the one of the major research related to identify and structure recognition of patents commercialization stream. To achieve this purpose, the collection of patent metadata for the member states of the European Patent Office was used, as well as the author’s own concordance IPC→NACE table. As a result of the research, some of the European countries were identified as leading, in terms of the number of licensed patents, the dynamics spread of patent property in the European economy that was set, and the branches were established, in which the emerging new industrial solutions are the subject of commercialization with the use of license contracts.Zagadnienie komercjalizacji własności przemysłowej jest rozpatrywane najczęściej w ujęciu mikroekonomicznym. Komercjalizacja stanowi ważny element procesu zarządzania innowacjami. Dotychczasowe badania w tym obszarze nie uwzględniają zjawiska jednoczesnego rozprzestrzeniania i wykorzystania wiedzy naukowo-technicznej w gospodarce. Spostrzeżenia te skłaniają do podjęcia badań nad komercyjnym wykorzystaniem własności przemysłowej w gospodarce. Celem opracowania jest prezentacja wyników badań licencjonowania własności przemysłowej, jako jednej z form komercjalizacji, w wybranych krajach europejskich. Identyfikacja dynamiki zmian w zakresie skali licencjonowania własności intelektualnej wpisuje się w jeden z głównych kierunków badań dotyczących identyfikacji i rozpoznania struktury strumienia komercjalizacji. Dla realizacji tego celu wykorzystano zbiór metadanych patentowych dla krajów członkowskich Europejskiego Urzędu Patentowego oraz autorską tablicę łącznikową IPC→NACE. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań zidentyfikowano wiodące pod względem liczby licencjonowanych patentów kraje Europy, wyznaczono dynamikę rozprzestrzeniania własności przemysłowej w gospodarce europejskiej oraz ustalono branże, w których powstające nowe rozwiązania przemysłowe są przedmiotem komercjalizacji z wykorzystaniem kontraktów licencyjnych

Patent Licensing in Selected European Countries

The issue of the commercialization of patents, as an exemplification of the industrial property, is mostly considered at the microeconomic level. Patent commercialization belongs to the innovation management process, which takes place in innovative organizations. Such microeconomic research approach does not take into account the phenomenon of the intellectual property simultaneous spread and use of scientific and technical knowledge in the economy. These observations lead to undertaking research on the commercial use of patents in the economy. The aim of this paper is to present the research results of the patent licensing as one of the forms of commercialization in the selected European countries in the long time period. The main purpose of undertaken research was to identify and measure the patent licensing dynamics, which is part of the one of the major research related to identify and structure recognition of patents commercialization stream. To achieve this purpose, the collection of patent metadata for the member states of the European Patent Office was used, as well as the author’s own concordance IPC→NACE table. As a result of the research, some of the European countries were identified as leading, in terms of the number of licensed patents, the dynamics spread of patent property in the European economy that was set, and the branches were established, in which the emerging new industrial solutions are the subject of commercialization with the use of license contracts

Women, men and creativity in business sector – comparative studies of leading EU and ECE countries

The main focus of the paper is innovativeness and creativity in gender perspective. The question asked is about the relation between gender, research and innovation. The paper is based on the data from European Patent Office (EPO) for years 1999-2013 concerning creative activities by women and men in business sector. For the purpose of the analysis, leading countries have been selected in terms of patent activities, which were then divided into two groups – 10 leading countries from the EU, and three leading countries from the transition economies. The main objective of the paper is to compare the dynamics of three variables: R&D expenditures, number of women and men employed as R&D personnel or researchers in business enterprise sector, number of women and men recognized in EPO database as inventors of patents that are employed in business sector

Scientific foundation of models : towards the complexity of the agile business model

Many concepts of business models (BMs) interfere with strategies. Therefore, it is important to find out how BMs are embedded in the philosophy of science and the theory of management. The goal of this research is to propose a concept of BMs that will be better embedded in the philosophy of science and the theory of management, therefore avoiding interference with strategy concepts and definitions. A literature review regarding BM concepts was conducted to achieve this goal and the results allowed the creation of a new agile business model (ABM) that does not interfere with any concept and definition of strategies. The result leads to theoretical and practical conclusions. The new ABM is open and flexible for use in businesses, specifically knowledge intensive ones like software development enterprises. The ABM is a useful tool that supports business activities without interfering with the other concepts of the theory of management

Patent results of men's and women's R&D activities in the enterprise sector in the EU

Częstym brakiem prac analitycznych w zakresie statystyki patentowej jest niedostateczne wykorzystanie jednego z ważniejszych atrybutów opisu patentowego jakim jest informacja o płci twórcy wynalazku. Standardowy rekord opisu patentowego pozwala na wielowątkową analizę podmiotów zgłaszających oraz wynalazców w połączeniu z innymi rodzajami danych. Informacja patentowa udostępniana jest w różnych trybach. Żadna obecnie dostępna baza nie zawiera wprost informacji o płci twórcy nowego rozwiązania. Podejmowane dotąd prace analityczne z tego zakresu w ograniczony sposób wychodzą na przeciw tym wyzwaniom. Lukę tę próbuje się wypełnić, choć częściowo, w niniejszym opracowaniu wpisując się tym samym w rozwój Gender Economics and Innovation. Opracowanie jest ogólną odpowiedzią na pytanie o związek kierunku i dynamiki zmian nakładów na B+R sektora przedsiębiorstw ze zmianami udziału kobiet i mężczyzn występujących w roli researchers and inventors.The frequent lack of analytical work in the field of patent statistics is manifested in the insufficient use of one of the most important attributes of patent descriptions - information about the gender of the inventors. The standard patent record allows for multi-layered analysis and reporting of the submitting organizations and inventors in combination with other types of data. Patent information is made available in different forms. No currently available database contains direct information on the gender of the creator of the new solution. Analytical work undertaken so far in this field meets these challenges in a limited way. We are trying to fill this gap, at least partially, in this study and develop Gender Economics and Innovation. The study is an overall response to the question about the relationship between the direction and dynamics of changes in expenditure in the enterprise R&D sector, as changes in the participation of women and men in their capacity as researchers and inventors