Stomach contents

proportional diet contents (range from 0 - 1.0) for pygmy whitefis

Stable isotope data

Stable isotope (C, N) for Chignik Lake pygmy whitefish collected in 2008, 200

microsatellite allele frequencies

Microsatellite DNA allele frequencies in base pair

distancesfromlandmarks_dryad

linear distances from landmark data for pygmy whitefish collected 2008, 2009 from Chignik Lak

Ethical considerations in prehospital ambulance based research: qualitative interview study of expert informants

Background: Prehospital ambulance based research has unique ethical considerations due to urgency, time limitations and the locations involved. We sought to explore these issues through interviews with experts in this research field. Methods: We undertook semi-structured interviews with expert informants, primarily based in the UK, seeking their views and experiences of ethics in ambulance based clinical research. Participants were questioned regarding their experiences of ambulance based research, their opinions on current regulations and guidelines, and views about their general ethical considerations. Participants were chosen because they were actively involved in, or in their expert capacity (e.g. law) expressed an interest in, ambulance based research. Results: Fourteen participants were interviewed including principal investigators, researchers, ethicists and medical lawyers. Five major themes were identified: Capacity, Consent, Clinical Considerations, Consultation and Regulation. Questions regarding consent and capacity were foremost in the discussions as all participants highlighted these as areas for concern. The challenges and use of multiple consent models reflected the complexity of research in this environment. The clinical theme referred to the role of paramedics in research and how research involving ambulance services is increasingly informing improvements to patient care and outcomes and reducing the burden on hospital services. Most felt that, although current regulations were fit for purpose, more specific guidance on implementing these in the ambulance setting would be beneficial. This related closely to the theme of consultation, which examined the key role of ethics committees and other regulatory bodies, as well as public engagement. Conclusions: By interviewing experts in research or ethics in this setting we were able to identify key concerns and highlight areas for future development such as improved guidance.</p

Ethical considerations in prehospital ambulance based research: an interview study of expert informants

Study objective: Prehospital ambulance based research has unique ethical considerations due to urgency, time-limitations and the locations (home, ambulance) involved. We sought to explore these issues through interviews with experts in this field of research.Methods: We employed a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with a range of expert informants seeking their views and experiences of ethics in ambulance based clinical trials. Participants were chosen because there were actively involved, or had expressed an interest in, ambulance based research. Participants were asked a series of questions regarding their experiences in ambulance trials, their opinions on current regulations and guidelines and the views on ethical considerations more generally. The interview transcripts were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded by two researchers (SA and AL) and analysed thematically. Results: We interviewed 14 participants including principal investigators, researchers, ethicists and medical lawyers. Six themes were identified: Capacity, Consent, Complexity, Clinical, Consultation and Regulation. Issues regarding consent and capacity in the ambulance setting were foremost in the discussion as all participants highlighted this as an area for concern. The challenges of the ambulance and use of multiple consent models setting spoke to the complexity research in this environment. The clinical theme referred to the use of paramedics in research and how research involving ambulance services is increasingly informing improvements to patient care and outcomes or reducing the burden on hospital services. Most participants felt that current regulations were fit for purpose however, more specific guidance regarding the implementation of the regulations in the ambulance setting would be beneficial for researchers, paramedics and ethics committees. This related closely to the theme of consultation, which examined the key role of ethics committees and other advisory groups such as the Confidentiality Advisory Group (CAG) when dealing specifically with ambulance based research. Conclusions: Research in any setting may be complex but the ambulance context has unique issues due to its time pressured, emergency and remote environment. By interviewing experts in research or ethics in this setting we were able to identify some key issues and highlight areas such as improved guidance that can be developed in the future.</p

Ethical considerations in prehospital ambulance based research: qualitative interview study of expert informants

Background: Prehospital ambulance based research has unique ethical considerations due to urgency, time limitations and the locations involved. We sought to explore these issues through interviews with experts in this research field. Methods: We undertook semi-structured interviews with expert informants, primarily based in the UK, seeking their views and experiences of ethics in ambulance based clinical research. Participants were questioned regarding their experiences of ambulance based research, their opinions on current regulations and guidelines, and views about their general ethical considerations. Participants were chosen because they were actively involved in, or in their expert capacity (e.g. law) expressed an interest in, ambulance based research. Results: Fourteen participants were interviewed including principal investigators, researchers, ethicists and medical lawyers. Five major themes were identified: Capacity, Consent, Clinical Considerations, Consultation and Regulation. Questions regarding consent and capacity were foremost in the discussions as all participants highlighted these as areas for concern. The challenges and use of multiple consent models reflected the complexity of research in this environment. The clinical theme referred to the role of paramedics in research and how research involving ambulance services is increasingly informing improvements to patient care and outcomes and reducing the burden on hospital services. Most felt that, although current regulations were fit for purpose, more specific guidance on implementing these in the ambulance setting would be beneficial. This related closely to the theme of consultation, which examined the key role of ethics committees and other regulatory bodies, as well as public engagement. Conclusions: By interviewing experts in research or ethics in this setting we were able to identify key concerns and highlight areas for future development such as improved guidance.</p

Ethical considerations in prehospital ambulance based research: an interview study of expert informants

Study objective: Prehospital ambulance based research has unique ethical considerations due to urgency, time-limitations and the locations (home, ambulance) involved. We sought to explore these issues through interviews with experts in this field of research.Methods: We employed a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with a range of expert informants seeking their views and experiences of ethics in ambulance based clinical trials. Participants were chosen because there were actively involved, or had expressed an interest in, ambulance based research. Participants were asked a series of questions regarding their experiences in ambulance trials, their opinions on current regulations and guidelines and the views on ethical considerations more generally. The interview transcripts were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded by two researchers (SA and AL) and analysed thematically. Results: We interviewed 14 participants including principal investigators, researchers, ethicists and medical lawyers. Six themes were identified: Capacity, Consent, Complexity, Clinical, Consultation and Regulation. Issues regarding consent and capacity in the ambulance setting were foremost in the discussion as all participants highlighted this as an area for concern. The challenges of the ambulance and use of multiple consent models setting spoke to the complexity research in this environment. The clinical theme referred to the use of paramedics in research and how research involving ambulance services is increasingly informing improvements to patient care and outcomes or reducing the burden on hospital services. Most participants felt that current regulations were fit for purpose however, more specific guidance regarding the implementation of the regulations in the ambulance setting would be beneficial for researchers, paramedics and ethics committees. This related closely to the theme of consultation, which examined the key role of ethics committees and other advisory groups such as the Confidentiality Advisory Group (CAG) when dealing specifically with ambulance based research. Conclusions: Research in any setting may be complex but the ambulance context has unique issues due to its time pressured, emergency and remote environment. By interviewing experts in research or ethics in this setting we were able to identify some key issues and highlight areas such as improved guidance that can be developed in the future.</p

Mixed methods in pre-hospital research: understanding complex clinical problems

Health care is becoming increasingly complex. The pre-hospital setting is no exception especially when considering the unpredictable environment. To address complex clinical problems and improve quality of care for patients, researchers need to use innovative methods to create the necessary depth and breadth of knowledge. Quantitative approaches such as randomised controlled trials and observational (e.g. cross-sectional, case control, cohort) methods, along with qualitative approaches including interviews, focus groups, and ethnography have traditionally been used independently to gain understanding of clinical problems and how to address these. Both approaches however have drawbacks: quantitative methods focus on objective, numerical data and provide limited understanding of context, whereas qualitative methods explore more subjective aspects and provide perspective, but can be harder to demonstrate rigour. We argue that mixed methods research, where quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated, is an ideal solution to comprehensively understand complex clinical problems in the pre-hospital setting. The aim of this article is to discuss mixed methods in the field of pre-hospital research, highlight its strengths and limitations and provide examples. This article is tailored to clinicians and early career researchers and covers the basic aspects of mixed methods research. We conclude that mixed methods is a useful research design to help develop our understanding of complex clinical problems in the pre-hospital setting.</p

High-Performance Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Renewable Triblock Copolymers

High-Performance Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Renewable Triblock Copolymer