Kematian Orang Dewasa (Pendekatan Saudara Kandung) di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Surkesda NAD 2006 included sibling technique approach to collect data of the survival of the siblings ofwomen aged 10-54 years of the household samples. The technique made possible to estimate adultmortality including age sex specific mortality rates, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMRatio) for Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) in the two periods of 1991-2000 and 2001-2006. Adult mortality rates increased significantly from 1991-2000 to 2001-2006. The increasemight be the cause of earth quake/tsunami that hit NAD in 2004. Sibling technique instrument providedtwo categories of maternal mortality, obstetric death and pregnancy related death. Based on obstetricdeaths as numerator of rate estimation, adjusted MMR was estimated at 35 per 100,000 for the period of 1991-2000 and it rose to 70 per 100,000 in the period of 2001-2006. Two approaches of estimating MMRatio were used, i.e., direct sisterhood method and PMDF approach. Direct sisterhood methodgave adjusted MMRatio of 392 per 100,000 in 1991-2000 and 638 per 100,000 in 2001-2006, while PMDF approach gave MMRatio of 357 and 580 per 100,000 for 1991-2000 and 2001-2006 respectively. PMDF itself could be used as indicator of maternal death. It measures the relative role ofmaternal cause of deaths from all causes deaths. PMDF, using definition of obstetric deaths, decreased significantly from 18% in 1991-2000 to 11% in 2001-2006. Compared to national estimates based on IDHS Survey 2002-2003 which gave estimate of MMRatio of 307 per 100,000 (direct sisterhood) or 420 per 100,000 (PMDF approach) for the period 1998-2003, MMRatio for NAD recently was much higher

Faktor Risiko Sindrom Metabolik pada Orang Dewasa di Kota Bogor

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of disorders metabolism that are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aims of this study was to determined risk factors of MS among adults in Bogor.Baseline data of Cohort Study on Non Communicable Disease in Bogor during the year 2011 to 2012 was used for data analysis. Of the total 5290 records, 4644 participants aged 25-65 year matched the inclusion criteria for analysis. Demographic and lifestyle data were collected using structured questionair. Physical examination (included weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure) and laboratory indicators (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglyserides) were performed. Diagnosis of MS based of the criteria of The National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) for Asian population. Resultsshowed overall proportion of MS was 18.2 per cent (14.2% in men, and 20.2% in women). Participants in aged group of 35 to 44 years had risk 1.84 time (CI 1.37-2.50, p= 0.000) for MS compared to participants in aged group of 25 to 34 years. Participants in the older aged groups (45-54 y and 55-65 y) had risk 3,34 and 4 times respectively. Participants with obese got risk 7.5 times compared with non obes. Participants who took fried meals was risk 1.21 times. The proportion of components of MS more higher among women than men and the proportion of component of central obesity is dominant. The determinant factors were aged, obese andconsumed fried meals. The risk for MS increased with the aged of the participants

Determinan Gejala Mental Emosional Pelajar SMP-SMA Di Indonesia Tahun 2015

Mental emotional disorders are not expected to develop into a more serious if prompt treatment is done.Early adolescence is a time of psychological change. An analysis of secondary data from the GlobalSchool-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2015 was conducted to investigate the determinants ofmental emotional symptom state among adolescent students. Mental emotional symptom is measuredfrom the available data, that the symptoms experienced by students in the form of a lonely, worried,or want to commit suicides. Multivariate analysis was done by logistic regression. Analysis wasperformed on the complete data for all relevant variables of 8.477 samples. The results showed thatthe factors are age≥ = 16 years and students who experience abuse either from friends or a form ofcondescension by parents at risk of > 2 times who developed mental emotional disorders. The roleof parents and friends are very important in influencing the emotional mental students. Necessaryassistance, both by parents and schools through a peer group of students with productive activitiescan overcome the problem

Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Berisiko Remaja di Kota Makassar Tahun 2009

This research is to find out basic information about risky behaviors in adolescents related to health and related factors. Location of the research conducted in Makassar with 10 randomly selected health centers of 14 districts. Samples were adolescent boys and girls aged between 10-24 years of either a married or unmarried who lived in the working area of the selected health centers. Using quantitative and qualitative approach in data collection, which for this article focused on the quantitative approach, which is conducted interviews of a number of 300 adolescents was selected as the sample through visits to the homes of respondents. Dependent variable of this study were adolescent risk behaviors measured by the factor of juvenile delinquency, smoking behavior, drinking alcohol, drug abuse, STDs, sexual behavior before marriage, and abortion. Whereas independent variables of the study were age, sex, education, occupation, daily activities, parental supervision, parents drank alcohol, the role of information media, and Domestic Violence. The study showed that there was a significant relationship between gender, education level, work status, parents drink alcohol, get domestic violence treatment, with risk behavior in adolescents. It is recommended to improve parental knowledge about child a good upbringing and the importance of maintaining harmony in the home, for example, by organizing seminars to parents, so that children feel comfortable, in order to reduce risk behavior in adolescents

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO