In Situ Polymerization of Xanthan/Acrylamide for Highly Ionic Conductive Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Unique Interpenetrating Network

Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is the key to assembling high-performance solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs). Poly(acrylamide) (PAM) is considered as an important GPE matrix because of its good water solubility, the ease of hydrogen bond formation, and its excellent gel properties. However, the high crystallinity of linear polymer PAM impedes ion migration, and PAM has high flammability in air, which may cause safety problems. In this work, xanthan/PAM-based GPE (XP-GPE) was successfully prepared by an in situ polymerization method. Xanthan and linear PAM chain can form a dual network by hydrogen bond forming between the amide group of PAM and the hydroxyl group of xanthan. This greatly reduces the high crystallinity of PAM macromolecule, realizes the active migration of lithium ion between chain segments, and improves the electrochemical performance. SSCs prepared with XP-GPE and activated carbon electrodes show excellent specific capacitance (589 mF cm–2 at current density of 5 mA cm–2) and ionic conductivity (46.96 mS cm–1). Furthermore, the SSC shows outstanding flame retardant property. And the electrochemical performance of the flexible SSC has little change under bending conditions, providing an opportunity to develop safe and efficient flexible wearable SSCs

Dual-Modal Immunosensor Made with the Multifunction Nanobody for Fluorescent/Colorimetric Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B₁ in Maize

In recent years, dual-modal immunosensors based on synthetic nanomaterials have provided accurate and sensitive detection. However, preparation of nanomaterial probes can be time-consuming, laborious, and not limited to producing inactive and low-affinity antibodies. These challenges can be addressed through the multifunction nanobody without conjugation. In this study, a nanobody-enhanced green fluorescent (Nb26-EGFP) was novel produced with a satisfactory affinity and fluorescent properties. Then, a dual-modal fluorescent/colorimetric immunosensor was constructed using the Nb26-EGFP-gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) composite as a probe, to detect the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In the maize matrix, the proposed immunosensor showed high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0024 ng/mL and a visual LOD of 1 ng/mL, which is 20-fold and 325-fold compared with the Nb26-EGFP-based single-modal immunosensor and original nanobody Nb26-based immunoassay. The performance of the dual-modal assay was validated by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The recoveries were between 83.19 and 108.85%, with the coefficients of variation below 9.43%, indicating satisfied accuracy and repeatability. Overall, the novel Nb26-EGFP could be used as the detection probe, and the dual-modal immunosensor could be used as a practical detection method for AFB1 in real samples

High Salt Removal Capacity of Metal–Organic Gel Derived Porous Carbon for Capacitive Deionization

Fresh water shortage poses serious threats to humanity. Capacitive deionization (CDI) holds promise for water desalination. Here, porous carbon derived from Al-based metal–organic gels (MOGs) upon calcination has been originally developed as electrodes for capacitive deionization. The obtained material with a large specific surface area, a large percentage of micropore, and a suitable pore size distribution favors slat ion accessibility. Its desalination performance is investigated under various operation conditions. Excitingly, this material displays a remarkable salt removal capacity of 25.16 mg g^–1 in a 500 mg L^–1 aqueous sodium chloride solution at 1.4 V, superior to those of the recently reported carbon materials. Moreover, the obtained electrode material also exhibits a high salt removal rate and an excellent recycling stability. The results demonstrate that MOG-derived carbon is an appealing candidate as an efficient electrode material in the CDI process for brackish and seawater desalination

Exploration of the Hydrogen-Bonded Energetic Material Carbohydrazide at High Pressures

We have reported the high-pressure behavior of hydrogen-bonded energetic material carbohydrazide (CON₄H₆, CHZ) via <i>in situ</i> Raman spectroscopy and angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction (ADXRD) in a diamond anvil cell with ∼15 GPa at room temperature. Significant changes in Raman spectra provide evidence for a pressure-induced structural phase transition in the range of ∼8 to 10.5 GPa. ADXRD experiments confirm this phase transition by symmetry transformation from <i>P</i>2₁/<i>n</i> to a possible space group <i>P</i>1̅, which exhibits ∼23.1% higher density at 10.1 GPa compared to phase <i>P</i>2₁/<i>n</i> at ambient pressure. Moreover, the observed transition is completely reversible when the pressure is totally released. On the basis of the decreased number of hydrogen bonds, the shortened hydrogen bond lengths, and the variations in the NH and NH₂ stretching Raman peaks in the high-pressure phase, we propose that this phase transition is caused by the rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonded networks

Pressure-Induced Phase Transition in N–H···O Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Crystal Biurea: Combined Raman Scattering and X‑ray Diffraction Study

The response of biurea to high pressures is investigated by <i>in situ</i> Raman spectroscopy and angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction (ADXRD) in a diamond anvil cell up to ∼5 GPa. Raman scattering measurements indicate a phase transition occurring over the pressure range of 0.6–1.5 GPa. Phase transition is confirmed by changes in the ADXRD spectra with symmetry transformation from <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i> to a possible space group <i>P</i>2/<i>n</i>. Upon total release of pressure, the diffraction spectrum returns to its initial state, which implies that the transition observed is reversible. We discuss variations in the Raman spectra, including splitting of modes, appearance of new modes, and abrupt changes in the slope of the frequency shift curves at several pressures. We propose that the phase transition observed in this study is attributed to rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonded networks

Creating 3D Hierarchical Carbon Architectures with Micro‑, Meso‑, and Macropores via a Simple Self-Blowing Strategy for a Flow-through Deionization Capacitor

In this work, 3D hierarchical carbon architectures (3DHCAs) with micro-, meso-, and macropores were prepared via a simple self-blowing strategy as highly efficient electrodes for a flow-through deionization capacitor (FTDC). The obtained 3DHCAs have a hierarchically porous structure, large accessible specific surface area (2061 m² g^–1), and good wettability. The electrochemical tests show that the 3DHCA electrode has a high specific capacitance and good electric conductivity. The deionization experiments demonstrate that the 3DHCA electrodes possess a high deionization capacity of 17.83 mg g^–1 in a 500 mg L^–1 NaCl solution at 1.2 V. Moreover, the 3DHCA electrodes present a fast deionization rate in 100–500 mg L^–1 NaCl solutions at 0.8–1.4 V. The 3DHCA electrodes also present a good regeneration behavior in the reiterative regeneration test. These above factors render the 3DHCAs a promising FTDC electrode material

Creating Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Multiyolk@Shell Carbon as High Performance Electrodes for Flow-Through Deionization Capacitors

A novel electrode material for flow-through deionization capacitors consisting of the hollow multiyolk@shell carbon (HMYSC) with effective nitrogen doping has been rationally designed and originally prepared by a template-directed coating method. The HMYSC can be divided into several hollow carbon spheres cores and the nitrogen-doped shell. The as-obtained HMYSC shows many favorable features for flow-through deionization capacitors, such as large specific surface area (910 m² g^–1), hierarchical pores, high conductivity and good wettability. With the multiple synergistic effects of the above features, the as-prepared HMYSC electrode has higher specific capacitance, lower inner resistance and good stability. In the deionization test, the HMYSC electrode exhibits a high salt adsorption capacity of 16.1 mg g^–1 under the applied voltages of 1.4 V in a 500 mg L^–1 NaCl solution. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the HMYSC electrodes presented faster salt adsorption rate under the applied voltages of 0.8–1.4 V and in the NaCl solution with the concentration of 100–500 mg L^–1. The HMYSC electrodes also exhibits an excellent regeneration performance in the repeated adsorption–desorption experiments. The HMYSC developed in this work is promising to be an effective electrode material for the flow-through deionization capacitors and other electrochemistry applications

Kaplan–Meier curves for RFS in 883 ALN negative breast cancer patients by HR/ERBB2(A) and tumor size (B).

<p>Kaplan–Meier curves for RFS in 883 ALN negative breast cancer patients by HR/ERBB2(A) and tumor size (B).</p

Simulation of suitable daily water level for the study area.

<p>Simulation of suitable daily water level for the study area.</p