Table_2_Co-analysis of cucumber rhizosphere metabolites and microbial PLFAs under excessive fertilization in solar greenhouse.DOCX

Fertilizer application is the most common measure in agricultural production, which can promote the productivity of crops such as cucumbers, but the problem of excessive fertilization occurs frequently in solar greenhouses. However, the effects of fertilization levels on cucumber rhizosphere soil microbes and metabolites and their relationships are still unclear. In order to determine how fertilization levels affect the rhizosphere microenvironment, we set up four treatments in the solar greenhouse: no-fertilization (N0P0K0), normal fertilization (N1P1K1), slight excessive fertilization (N2P2K2), and extreme excessive fertilization (N3P3K3). The results showed that fertilization treatments significantly increased cucumber yield compared to no-fertilization, but, the yield of N3P3K3 was significantly lower than that of N1P1K1 and N2P2K2. Fertilization levels had significant effects on rhizosphere microorganisms, and pH, NH4+-N and AP were the main environmental factors that affected the changes in microbial communities. The total PLFAs, the percentages of fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were significantly reduced and bacteria percentage was significantly increased in N3P3K3 compared to other fertilization treatments. Differential metabolites under different fertilization levels were mainly organic acids, esters and sugars. Soil phenols with autotoxic effect under fertilization treatments were higher than that of N0P0K0. In addition, compared with soil organic acids and alkanes of N0P0K0, N2P2K2 was significantly increased, and N3P3K3 was not significantly different. This suggested that cucumber could maintain microbial communities by secreting beneficial metabolites under slight excessive fertilization (N2P2K2). But under extremely excessive fertilization (N3P3K3), the self-regulating ability of cucumber plants and rhizosphere soil was insufficient to cope with high salt stress. Furthermore, co-occurrence network showed that 16:1ω5c (AMF) was positively correlated with 2-palmitoylglycerol, hentriacontane, 11-octadecenoic acid, decane,4-methyl- and d-trehalose, and negatively correlated with 9-octadecenoic acid at different fertilization levels. This indicated that the beneficial microorganisms in the cucumber rhizosphere soil promoted with beneficial metabolites and antagonized with harmful metabolites. But with the deepening of overfertilization, the content of beneficial microorganisms and metabolites decreased. The study provided new insights into the interaction of plant rhizosphere soil metabolites and soil microbiomes under the different fertilization levels.</p

Epitaxial Growth of Twinned Au–Pt Core–Shell Star-Shaped Decahedra as Highly Durable Electrocatalysts

Pt epitaxial layer on a nanoparticle with twinned structure and well-defined shape is highly desirable in order to achieve high performance in both catalytic activity and durability toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, it remains tremendously challenging to produce conformal, heterogeneous, twinned nanostructures due to the high internal strain and surface energy of Pt. In addition, these twinned nanostructures may be subject to degradation in highly corrosive ORR environments due to the high energy of twin boundary. Here we report the synthesis of Au–Pt core–shell star-shaped decahedra bounded mainly by {111} facets, in which Pt shells with controlled thickness epitaxially grew on Au cores with a 5-fold twinned structure. The incorporation of the amine group decreases the surface energy of Pt by strong adsorption and thus facilitates the epitaxial growth of Pt on Au core instead of the dendritic growth. In addition, Br^– ion could largely stabilize the {111} facets of Pt, which prevent the formation of spherical nanoparticles. The Au–Pt core–shell decahedra with thicker Pt shell exhibited enhanced ORR properties in terms of activity and durability. Specifically, AuPt_1.03 star-shaped decahedra achieved the highest mass activity (0.94 mA/μg_Pt) and area activity (1.09 mA/cm²_Pt), which is ∼6.7 and 5 times, respectively, as high as those of the commercial Pt/C (ETEK). Significantly, such star-shaped decahedra were highly stable with ∼10% loss in area activity and ∼20% loss in mass activity after 30 000 CV cycles in O₂ saturated acid solution

DataSheet_1_Single-dose of a replication-competent adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides sterilizing protection against Rift Valley fever virus challenge.docx

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is one of the most important virulent pathogens causing severe disease in animals and humans. However, there is currently no approved vaccine to prevent RVFV infection in humans. The use of human adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad4) as a vector for an RVFV vaccine has not been reported. Here, we report the generation of a replication-competent recombinant Ad4 vector expressing codon-optimized forms of the RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc (named Ad4-GnGc). Intramuscular immunization with Ad4-GnGc elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against RVFV and cellular immune responses in mice. A single low-dose vaccination with Ad4-GnGc completely protected interferon-α/β receptor-deficient A129 mice from lethal RVFV infection. More importantly, Ad4-GnGc efficacy was not affected by pre-existing immunity to adenovirus serotype 5, which currently exists widely in populations. These results suggest that Ad4-GnGc is a promising vaccine candidate against RVFV.</p

Intracellular localization and stability of the T3SS injected TALENs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) HeLa-Venus cells were infected with the indicated strains at an MOI of 100 for 3 hours. Nuclear proteins were extracted and subjected to SDS PAGE and Western blot by anti-Flag antibody; (<b>B</b>) HeLa-Venus cells were infected with PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN1 and PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN2 at MOI of 100 each for 3 hours. At the indicated time after the termination of infection, cytoplasmic and nuclear protein extracts were prepared and subjected to SDS PAGE and Western blot assay using anti-Flag Ab. NI, no infection control.</p

Plasmid transfection mediated delivery of TALENs into HeLa-Venus cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Fluorescent intensity of HeLa-Venus cells transfected by the indicated TALEN encoding plasmid constructs. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry 3 days after the transfection. (<b>B</b>) Sequence changes in TALEN target region among the Venus negative cells.</p

Loss of fluorescence in HeLa-Venus cells following bacterial delivery of TALEN proteins.

<p>(<b>A</b>) FACS analysis of fluorescence cell population three days after the delivery of indicated TALENs by <i>P. aeruginosa</i>; (<b>B</b>) Sequence changes in the TALEN targeting region among Venus negative cells.</p

Bacterial secretion of TALEN fusion protein.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Diagram of TALEN binding sites on <i>venus</i> gene. (<b>B</b>) Diagram of ExoS54-Flag-TALEN fusion protein; NLS, nuclear localization sequence. (<b>C</b>) Secretion profiles of laboratory strains of PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i> containing pUCP19 vector or PAK-JΔ<i>pscF</i>, PAK-JΔ<i>popD</i> and PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i> harboring pExoS54-F-TALEN1. Strains were grown under type III secretion inducing condition and culture supernatants and pellets were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by Western blot using anti-Flag antibody.</p

Improvement of TALEN targeting efficiency.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Multiple rounds of TALEN injection. HeLa-Venus cells were infected with PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN1 and PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN2 at MOI of 100 each for 3 hours. Bacteria were cleared and cells were cultured for 24 hours, then repeated injection at MOI of 50 or 100. The FACS data of infected cells were compared by paired t-test and ANOVA. *P<0.05; **P<0.001. Error bars indicate standard deviations of triplicate assays. (<b>B</b>) HeLa-Venus cells were either left unsynchronized (U) or synchronized (S) through double thymidine blocking and released to determine the duration of the cell cycle by FACS analysis. (<b>C</b>) HeLa-Venus cells were synchronized to S phase (S) or unsynchronized (U) and infected by PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN1 and PAK-JΔ<i>STY</i>/pExoS54-F-TALEN2 at MOI of 100 each for 3 hours. The FACS data of infected cell populations were compared by paired or two-sample t-test. *P<0.05; **P<0.001. Error bars indicated the standard deviations of triplicate assays.</p

Bacterial strains and plasmids.

<p>Bacterial strains and plasmids.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreak in four Chinese farms: Based on cost and revenue analysis.docx

The economic impact after the outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been proven to be tremendous for pig production worldwide. However, the economic impact of the disease is not well understood in China. In our previous study, we acquired and analyzed the main production data (the number of weaned piglets, health costs, delayed marketing age, etc.) from the management system before and after the PRRS outbreaks occurring in November 2014, March 2015, December 2016, and February 2017. This study aimed to analyze and quantify the economic losses of the four PRRS outbreaks in Chinese herds. A straightforward approach was used to calculate additional costs and decreased revenues based on the PRRS-induced production deficiencies by average cost-of-production indices calculated from annual estimates of costs between 2014 and 2017. The results showed that economic losses varied between ¥668.14 and ¥1004.43 per sow in breeding herds from the outbreaks to regain the basic performance, with an average of ¥822.75 per sow, and the mean costs in the fattening herds (including nursery pigs) were ¥601.62 per sow, ranging from ¥318.64 to ¥937.14. Overall, the economic impact of PRRS on the whole herd was ¥1424.37 per sow. The majority of the losses were due to the reduction in the number of weaned piglets for breeding herds, and the increased feed cost (occupying 44.88%) was the primary source of loss for fattening herds. Our study fills the gap in knowledge of PRRS economics in China, enriches the data for veterinary economics, and re-stresses the necessity for producers and veterinarians to control PRRS effectively.</p