Variation curves of resistivity with the depth of the loess column under light rain.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

Relationship of both volumetric water content and resistivity with the depth of the loess column under different rainfall.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

Variation curves of resistivity with the depth of the loess column under heavy rain.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

Main physical parameters of loess.

Main physical parameters of loess.</p

Variation curves of volumetric water content with the depth of the loess column under heavy rain.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

Variation curves of volumetric water content with the depth of the loess column under heavy rain.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

Variation curves of volumetric water content with the depth of the loess column under light rain.

(a) ρd = 1.42g/cm3, (b) ρd = 1.50g/cm3, (c) ρd = 1.58g/cm3.</p

The fitting curve of resistivity and saturation.

The fitting curve of resistivity and saturation.</p

Sample preparation processes.

(a) Weigh soil samples, (b) Preparation of soil samples, (c) Layered filling soil column, (d) Measurement system installation.</p

Self-developed model test device of water migration characteristics.

(a) Model test device, (b) Layering of loess column.</p