8 research outputs found

    Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of bacterial community structures of the ruminal microbiome in CON (red circles), EML (blue squares), and SMFP (green triangles) groups.

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    <p>PCoA plots were constructed using the weighted UniFrac method. CON: control group (n = 4); EML: ensiled mulberry leaves group (n = 4); SMFP: sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace group (n = 4).</p

    Effects of Diets Supplemented with Ensiled Mulberry Leaves and Sun-Dried Mulberry Fruit Pomace on the Ruminal Bacterial and Archaeal Community Composition of Finishing Steers

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    <div><p>This study investigated the effects of ensiled mulberry leaves (EML) and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP) on the ruminal bacterial and archaeal community composition of finishing steers. Corn grain- and cotton meal-based concentrate was partially replaced with EML or SMFP. The diets had similar crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and metabolizable energy. Following the feeding trial, the steers were slaughtered and ruminal liquid samples were collected to study the ruminal microbiome. Extraction of DNA, amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing were performed for each sample. Following sequence de-noising, chimera checking, and quality trimming, an average of 209,610 sequences were generated per sample. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the selected bacterial species in the rumen. Our results showed that the predominant phyla were <i>Bacteroidetes</i> (43.90%), <i>Firmicutes</i> (39.06%), <i>Proteobacteria</i> (4.31%), and <i>Tenericutes</i> (2.04%), and the predominant genera included <i>Prevotella</i> (13.82%), <i>Ruminococcus</i> (2.51%), <i>Butyrivibrio</i> (2.38%), and <i>Succiniclasticum</i> (2.26%). Compared to the control group, EML and SMFP groups had a higher abundance of total bacteria (<i>p</i> < 0.001); however, the bacterial community composition was similar among the three groups. At the phylum level, there were no significant differences in <i>Firmicutes</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.7932), <i>Bacteroidetes</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.2330), <i>Tenericutes</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.2811), or <i>Proteobacteria</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.0680) levels among the three groups; however, <i>Fibrobacteres</i> decreased in EML (<i>p</i> = 0.0431). At the genus level, there were no differences in <i>Prevotella</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.4280), <i>Ruminococcus</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.2639), <i>Butyrivibrio</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.4433), or <i>Succiniclasticum</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.0431) levels among the groups. Additionally, the dietary treatments had no significant effects on the archaeal community composition in the rumen. Therefore, EML and SMFP supplementation had no significant effects on the ruminal bacterial or archaeal community composition of finishing steers.</p></div

    Distribution of different archaeal taxa in the rumen of finishing steers when corn grain- and cotton seed meal-based concentrate was partially replaced with EML or SMFP.

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    <p>Methanogen 16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal archaeal primer sets and quantified using nested PCR with taxon-specific primer sets for <i>Methanobrevibacter</i> spp., RCC, and <i>Methanomicrobium</i> spp. CON: control group (n = 4); EML: ensiled mulberry leaves group (n = 4); SMFP: sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace group (n = 4).</p

    Abundance of microflora in the rumen of finishing steers when corn grain- and cotton seed meal-based concentrate was partially replaced with EML or SMFP.

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    <p>(A), abundance of total bacteria in the rumen; (B), abundance of fungi in the rumen; (C), abundance of protozoa in the rumen; (D), abundance of archaea in the rumen. The boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between the first and third quartiles (25th and 75th percentiles, respectively). The horizontal line inside the box represents the median. Whiskers represent the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the IQR from the first and third quartiles, respectively. Different letters represent significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05). CON: control group (n = 4); EML: ensiled mulberry leaves group (n = 4); SMFP: sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace group (n = 4).</p
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