Obchod s uhlíkem jako možnost financování soukromých rezervací - případová studie z Reserva Silvestre Greenfields v Nikaragui

The objective of this work was to measure the amount of carbon fixed in the tree biomass in the forest of Reserva Silvestre Greenfields, on the basis of inventarization of the forest and suggest a participation of the area in various projects engaged in the support of carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystems. The forest inventarization was conducted and the following research determined the average wood density of the tree species occuring on territory, total biomass and the amount of carbon in the wood mass of the woodland. Based on the data were then suggested the most suitable organizations supporting carbon management in the forest ecosystems

Additional file 1: of TMEM106B haplotypes have distinct gene expression patterns in aged brain

Table S1. Tissue samples available and selected for inclusion in this study. Table S2. DEGS in TCX. Positive fold change represents higher gene expression in SS than TT. Negative fold change represents lower gene expression in SS than TT. Table S3. DEGS in CER. Positive fold change represents higher gene expression in SS than TT. Negative fold change represents lower gene expression in SS than TT. Table S4. Overlapping genes between TCX and CER based on top 500 genes with |FC| ≥ 1.2 ranked by unadjusted p value. Table S5. Enrichment of modules for their respective DEG signatures. Table S6. Significant modules identified in the TCX and CER matched cases. Table S7. Significant modules identified in separate disease groups in TCX and CER. Table S8. Significant modules identified in the TCX and CER controls. (DOCX 54 kb

Profiles of Extracellular miRNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum from Patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases Correlate with Disease Status and Features of Pathology

<div><p>The discovery and reliable detection of markers for neurodegenerative diseases have been complicated by the inaccessibility of the diseased tissue- such as the inability to biopsy or test tissue from the central nervous system directly. RNAs originating from hard to access tissues, such as neurons within the brain and spinal cord, have the potential to get to the periphery where they can be detected non-invasively. The formation and extracellular release of microvesicles and RNA binding proteins have been found to carry RNA from cells of the central nervous system to the periphery and protect the RNA from degradation. Extracellular miRNAs detectable in peripheral circulation can provide information about cellular changes associated with human health and disease. In order to associate miRNA signals present in cell-free peripheral biofluids with neurodegenerative disease status of patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, we assessed the miRNA content in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from postmortem subjects with full neuropathology evaluations. We profiled the miRNA content from 69 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 67 with Parkinson's disease and 78 neurologically normal controls using next generation small RNA sequencing (NGS). We report the average abundance of each detected miRNA in cerebrospinal fluid and in serum and describe 13 novel miRNAs that were identified. We correlated changes in miRNA expression with aspects of disease severity such as Braak stage, dementia status, plaque and tangle densities, and the presence and severity of Lewy body pathology. Many of the differentially expressed miRNAs detected in peripheral cell-free cerebrospinal fluid and serum were previously reported in the literature to be deregulated in brain tissue from patients with neurodegenerative disease. These data indicate that extracellular miRNAs detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum are reflective of cell-based changes in pathology and can be used to assess disease progression and therapeutic efficacy.</p></div

Ordinal regression analysis reveals miRNAs with progressive expression trends across increasing amyloid plaque density.

<p>(<b>A</b>) We plotted two miRNAs (miR-195-5p, miR-101-3p) detected in CSF from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t006" target="_blank">Table? 6</a> that showed consistent expression changes with increased density of plaques. (<b>B</b>) miR-106-5p and miR-30b-5p, detected in SER and selected from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t006" target="_blank">Table? 6</a>, showed significant fit across increasing plaque density stages.</p

Ordinal regression analysis reveals miRNAs with trends in Lewy body progression.

<p>(<b>A</b>) We plotted two miRNAs (miR-34a-5p and miR-374-5p) detected in CSF from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t007" target="_blank">Table? 7</a> that showed consistent expression change with progression of Lewy bodies. (<b>B</b>) We plotted two miRNAs (miR-130b-3p and miR-181b-5p) detected in SER from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t007" target="_blank">Table? 7</a> that showed consistent expression changes with progression of Lewy bodies.</p

Lewy body progression-associated miRNAs.

<p>Ordinal regression analysis was implemented in order to detect miRNAs with monotonic expression patterns across Lewy body stages. Lewy body stages were defined with the Unified Staging System for Lewy Body Disorders as described by Beach et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone.0094839-Beach1" target="_blank">[46]</a>. Specific CSF Lewy body stage subgroups consisted of: no Lewy bodies (n = 126), Limbic type (n = 30) and Neocortical type (n = 21). Similarly, Lewy body subcategories in the SER were comprised of: no Lewy bodies (n = 113), Limbic type (n = 23) and Neocortical type (n = 20). We report predictor variables with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and that satisfy assumptions of the OLR. p-Value* is unadjusted.</p

miRNAs associated with plaque density score.

<p>Neuropathological examination disclosed total plaque-density score ranging from 1–15 for each subject. Scores were divided into three groups corresponding to low plaque-density score (1–5), moderate plaque-density score (6–10) and high plaque-density score (11–15). Ultimately, plaque density subgroups consisted of stage 1 (n = 58), stage 2 (n = 41) and stage 3 (n = 85) subjects for CSF and stage 1 (n = 55), stage 2 (n = 35) and stage 3 (n = 74) for SER. The ordinal regression method was used to model the relationship between the ordinal outcome variable, plaque density score, and normalized miRNA counts as explanatory variable. Delta AIC quantifies the information loss associated with using each model relative to the best approximating model. We report miRNAs with the lowest AIC value and . p-Value* is unadjusted.</p

miRNAs associated with neurofibrillary tangle score.

<p>Neuropathological examination disclosed total neurofibrillary tangele scores. We binned the data 0–15, in increasing increments, for each subject. Scores were divided into three groups corresponding to low neurofibrillary tangeles score (0–4), moderate neurofibrillary tangeles score (5–9) and high neurofibrillary tangeles score (10–15). Ultimately, neurofibrillary tangle subgroups consisted of stage 1 (n = 73), stage 2 (n = 58) and stage 3 (n = 53) subjects for CSF and stage 1 (n = 71), stage 2 (n = 49) and stage 3 (n = 44) for SER. Ordinal logistic regression analysis (OLR) was implemented in order to fit miRNA expression data across the three ordered groups. Delta AIC quantifies the information loss associated with using each model relative to the best approximating model. We report predictor variables with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and that satisfy assumptions of the OLR. p-Value* is unadjusted.</p

Ordinal regression analysis reveals miRNAs with progressive expression trends across increasing neurofibrillary tangle density.

<p>(<b>A</b>) We plotted four miRNAs (miR-181b-5p, miR-181d, miR-181a-5p and miR-9-3p) detected in CSF from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t005" target="_blank">Table? 5</a>. (<b>B</b>) miR-7i-3p and miR-10a-5p were selected from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094839#pone-0094839-t005" target="_blank">Table? 5</a>, significant for neurofibrillary tangle stage regression analysis in SER.</p

Differentially expressed miRNAs detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

<p>Sample size for cerebrospinal fluid consisted of 62 AD, 57 PD and 65 control subjects. Results were filtered at adjusted p-value <0.05. The logarithmic base 2 fold change (FC) is relative to the first listed group for each comparison. Significant miRNAs were reported if their normalized base average is greater than 5 mapped reads and 0.7< FC(log2) or FC(log2) <−0.7. Superscript 1 indicates miRNAs that are differentially expressed in both patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease compared to control subjects. Superscript 2 indicates differentially expressed miRNAs in both CSF and SER biofluids for the corresponding analysis. Significant miRNAs with a superscript 3 are in low abundance, with normalized mean <10 mapped reads.</p