9,199 research outputs found
The Theory of Theft: An Inspection Game Model of the Stolen Base Play in Baseball
This paper applies the theory of equilibrium in mixed strategies in an inspection game model to describe the strategic interaction in the stolen base play in baseball. A parsimonious simultaneous-move game model offers predictions about how the observable conduct of the teams on offense and defense responds as the characteristics of the players involved change. The theory organizes observations from play-by-play data from Major League Baseball, where highly-motivated, experienced professionals interact in an environment where private information is not significant.mixed strategy, Markov equilibrium, baseball
Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Relativistic Fluid Turbulence
We develop first-principles theory of relativistic fluid turbulence at high
Reynolds and P\'eclet numbers. We follow an exact approach pioneered by
Onsager, which we explain as a non-perturbative application of the principle of
renormalization-group invariance. We obtain results very similar to those for
non-relativistic turbulence, with hydrodynamic fields in the inertial-range
described as distributional or "coarse-grained" solutions of the relativistic
Euler equations. These solutions do not, however, satisfy the naive
conservation-laws of smooth Euler solutions but are afflicted with dissipative
anomalies in the balance equations of internal energy and entropy. The
anomalies are shown to be possible by exactly two mechanisms, local cascade and
pressure-work defect. We derive "4/5th-law"-type expressions for the anomalies,
which allow us to characterize the singularities (structure-function scaling
exponents) required for their non-vanishing. We also investigate the Lorentz
covariance of the inertial-range fluxes, which we find is broken by our
coarse-graining regularization but which is restored in the limit that the
regularization is removed, similar to relativistic lattice quantum field
theory. In the formal limit as speed of light goes to infinity, we recover the
results of previous non-relativistic theory. In particular, anomalous heat
input to relativistic internal energy coincides in that limit with anomalous
dissipation of non-relativistic kinetic energy
Feeding Habits of Wisconsin\u27s Predominant Lotic Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera
Feeding habits of nymphs or larvae of 101 species of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera collected from Wisconsin\u27s streams were determined by examining foregut contents. The percent by volume of animal, live vascular plant, filamentous algae, diatom, and detrital material recovered is reported. Plecoptera in the suborder Filipalpia were herbivoredetritivores, and most in the suborder Setipalpia were carnivores. Exceptions were Isoperla bilineata (Say), an omnivore, and Isoperla signata (Banks) and I. slossonae (Banks), both detritivore-herbivores. Except for omnivore Ephemerella cornuta Morgan, Ephemeroptera were detritivore-herbivores. Feeding habits of Trichoptera larvae were diverse. Species of Rhyacophilidae, Polycentropodidae, and Phyrganeidae were all carnivores, while Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae, and Brachycentridae were generally omnivores. Species of Glossomatidae, Philopotamidae, Psychomyiidae, Hydroptilidae, Limnephilidae, Lepidostomatidae, Sericostomatidae, and Helicopsychidae were primarily detritivoreherbivores
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