Grammar Deconstructed: Constructions and the Curious Case of the Comparative Correlative

Comparative correlatives, like "the longer you stay out in the rain, the colder you'll get," are prolific in the world's languages (i.e., there is no evidence of a language that lacks comparative correlatives). Despite this observation, the data do not present a readily apparent syntax. What is the relationship between the two clauses? What is the main verb? What is English's "the" which obligatorily appears at the start of each clause? This thesis reviews prior analyses of comparative correlatives, both syntactic and semantic (Fillmore, 1987; McCawley, 1988; McCawley, 1998; Beck, 1997; Culicover & Jackendoff, 1999; Borsley, 2003; Borsley, 2004; den Dikken, 2005; Abeillé, Borsley & Espinal, 2007; Lin, 2007). A formal syntactic analysis of comparative correlatives is presented which accounts for its syntactic behaviors across several languages. Most notably, it challenges the assumption that constructions are essential primitives for the successful derivation and interpretation of the data (Fillmore, 1987; McCawley, 1988; Culicover & Jackendoff, 1999; Borsley, 2003; Borsley, 2004; Abeillé, Borsley & Espinal, 2007). The analysis is framed within the goals of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993, 1995a), specifically with respect to endocentricity and Bare Phrase Structure (Chomsky 1995b). Crosslingustically, the first clause is subordinate to the second clause, the main clause. A'-movement (e.g., Topicalization, wh-movement, Focus) out of each clause proceeds successive-cyclically and, in the case of the subordinate clause, via sideward movement (Nunes 1995, 2004; Hornstein, 2001). In English, the word the which obligatorily appears at the start of each clause in English is a Force0. This provides an explanation for the ban on Subject-Aux Inversion (SAI) in the entire expression. The degree phrases which are present in each clause of a comparative correlative crosslinguistically contain a quantifier phrase in Spec,DegP; this quantifier is phonetically null in English. This thesis concludes by presenting conceptual arguments against constructions as primitives in the grammar. Bare Phrase Structure (BPS) (Chomsky, 1995b) is included in the system by virtue of virtual conceptual necessity (VCN). Since constructions do not meet the criteria of (VCN), their existence would compromise the principles of BPS. Further, when applied carefully, BPS renders constructions unable to be defined

Current Distribution for the Metallization of Resistive Wafer Substrates under Controlled Geometric Variations

Current distribution simulation results are presented for the metallizaton of 200-mm resistive wafer substrates. A novel horizontal plating cell design that features an insulating hole and a wafer holder that is capable of varying the wafer position vertically during the metallization process is considered to improve the current distribution across the wafer substrate surface. Numerical analysis is used to investigate the influence of the insulating hole size, wafer position, and wafer movement during the deposition process on the current distribution and is compared to experimental data for copper deposition when possible. Submicrometer scale multilevel metallization is one of the key technologies for the next generation of ultralarge-scale integration

Patterns and trends among physicians-in-training named in civil legal cases: a retrospective analysis of Canadian Medical Protective Association data from 1993 to 2017

BACKGROUND: Medico-legal data show opportunities to improve safe medical care; little is published on the experience of physicians-in-training with medical malpractice. The purpose of this study was to examine closed civil legal cases involving physicians-in-training over time and provide novel insights on case and physicians characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of closed civil legal cases at the Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA), a mutual medico-legal defence organization for more than 105 000 physicians, representing an estimated 95% of physicians in Canada. Eligible cases involved at least 1 physician-in-training and were closed between 1993 and 2017 (for time trends) or 2008 and 2017 (for descriptive analyses). We analyzed case rates over time using Poisson regression and the annualized change rate. Descriptive analyses addressed case duration, medico-legal outcome and patient harm. We explored physician specialties and practice characteristics in a subset of cases. RESULTS: Over a 25-year period (1993-2017), 4921 physicians-in-training were named in 2951 closed civil legal cases, and case rates decreased significantly (β = -0.04, 95% confidence interval -0.05 to -0.03, where β was the 1-year difference in log case rates). The annualized change rate was -1.1% per year. Between 2008 and 2017, 1901 (4.1%) of 45 967 physicians-in-training were named in 1107 civil legal cases. Cases with physicians-in-training generally involved more severe patient harm than cases without physicians-in-training. In a subgroup with available information (n = 951), surgical specialties were named most often (n = 531, 55.8%). INTERPRETATION: The rate of civil legal cases involving physicians-in-training has diminished over time, but more recent cases featured severe patient harm and death. Efforts to promote patient safety may enhance medical care and reduce the frequency and severity of malpractice issues for physicians-in-training

Graduate Student Reflections on Mentorship in a Training and Outreach Program for Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Undergraduate (n = 19) and graduate students (n = 8) participated in a two semester training program focused on learning about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and how to create individualized communication supports for families of children with ASD. The focus of this paper is on the graduate students’ training and mentoring experiences. Graduate students’ philosophies of mentoring undergraduate students and their final reflections of the experience were analyzed for themes and subthemes. Mentoring philosophies yielded four major themes: role of the mentor, mentoring goals, the mentor-mentee relationship, and learning. Graduate student reflections on their skills gained, what they learned about themselves, their leadership, and the challenges they faced were also categorized into themes. Analyses revealed undergraduate student ratings and qualitative comments regarding graduate student support. Implications and future directions for the development of hands-on training programs allowing graduate students in Communication Sciences and Disorders to assume mentorship roles will be discussed

The Grizzly, May 1, 2008

Student Art Show Highlights Creativity of Students at UC • Good Night, Good Luck and Goodbye to the Grizzly • Pope Benedict XVI Visits Washington D.C. and NYC • You Must Always Face the Curtain with a Bow • Ursinus Dance Company Performance is a Big Success • Ursinus Community Celebrates Third Annual CoSA • Vision of the Future: Convenience Store to Open in Zack\u27s in Fall 2008 • Opinions: Which Candidate is on the Right Track?; Calm Down, Democrats • UC Women\u27s Golf for a Fruitful Futurehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1764/thumbnail.jp

Bisphenol F affects neurodevelopmental gene expression, mushroom body development, and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Bisphenol F (BPF) is a potential neurotoxicant used as a replacement for bisphenol A (BPA) in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. We investigated the neurodevelopmental impacts of BPF exposure using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. Our transcriptomic analysis indicated that developmental exposure to BPF caused the downregulation of neurodevelopmentally relevant genes, including those associated with synapse formation and neuronal projection. To investigate the functional outcome of BPF exposure, we evaluated neurodevelopmental impacts across two genetic strains of Drosophila— w1118 (control) and the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) model—by examining both behavioral and neuronal phenotypes. We found that BPF exposure in w1118 Drosophila caused hypoactive larval locomotor activity, decreased time spent grooming by adults, reduced courtship activity, and increased the severity but not frequency of β-lobe midline crossing defects by axons in the mushroom body. In contrast, although BPF reduced peristaltic contractions in FXS larvae, it had no impact on other larval locomotor phenotypes, grooming activity, or courtship activity. Strikingly, BPF exposure reduced both the severity and frequency of β-lobe midline crossing defects in the mushroom body of FXS flies, a phenotype previously observed in FXS flies exposed to BPA. This data indicates that BPF can affect neurodevelopment and its impacts vary depending on genetic background. Further, BPF may elicit a gene-environment interaction with Drosophila fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (dFmr1)—the ortholog of human FMR1, which causes fragile X syndrome and is the most common monogenetic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder

word~river literary review (2009)

wordriver is a literary journal dedicated to the poetry, short fiction and creative nonfiction of adjuncts and part-time instructors teaching in our universities, colleges, and community colleges. Our premier issue was published in Spring 2009. We are always looking for work that demonstrates the creativity and craft of adjunct/part-time instructors in English and other disciplines. We reserve first publication rights and onetime anthology publication rights for all work published. We define adjunct instructors as anyone teaching part-time or full-time under a semester or yearly contract, nationwide and in any discipline. Graduate students teaching under part-time contracts during the summer or who have used up their teaching assistant time and are teaching with adjunct contracts for the remainder of their graduate program also are eligible.https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/word_river/1002/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, January 31, 2008

What\u27s Your Dirty Little Secret? RLO Posts Free Speech • Focus the Nation Events Begin Today at Ursinus College • Writers Continue to Protest Insufficient Compensation • New Statistics Reveal Decline in U.S. Abortion Rates • New Member Education is Not Your Enemy • UC Gives Tribute to MLK Jr. • Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides • Opinions: Return of Information Society; Honoring Dr. Martin Luther King from Home; John Edwards: Wasting His (And Our) Time • Gymnastics Off to a Strong Start • Shattuck Helps Lead the Bears to Victoryhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1753/thumbnail.jp

Bioengineered small extracellular vesicles deliver multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 antigenic fragments and drive a broad immunological response

The COVID‐19 pandemic highlighted the clear risk that zoonotic viruses pose to global health and economies. The scientific community responded by developing several efficacious vaccines which were expedited by the global need for vaccines. The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 breakthrough infections highlights the need for additional vaccine modalities to provide stronger, long‐lived protective immunity. Here we report the design and preclinical testing of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a multi‐subunit vaccine. Cell lines were engineered to produce sEVs containing either the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike receptor‐binding domain, or an antigenic region from SARS‐CoV‐2 Nucleocapsid, or both in combination, and we tested their ability to evoke immune responses in vitro and in vivo. B cells incubated with bioengineered sEVs were potent activators of antigen‐specific T cell clones. Mice immunised with sEVs containing both sRBD and Nucleocapsid antigens generated sRBD‐specific IgGs, nucleocapsid‐specific IgGs, which neutralised SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. sEV‐based vaccines allow multiple antigens to be delivered simultaneously resulting in potent, broad immunity, and provide a quick, cheap, and reliable method to test vaccine candidates