Relationship between bodybuilding experience and muscular activity level during maximal voluntary co-contraction task.

<p>Significant positive correlation was found between a length of bodybuilding experience and % EMG_MVE (averaged over biceps and triceps brachii muscles) during maximal voluntary co-contraction task.</p

Involuntary antagonist coactivation level during MVE of agonist contraction.

<p>Involuntary antagonist coactivation level (% EMG_MVE) during MVE tasks in bodybuilders (circle) and nonathletes (square). The % EMG_MVE values for both biceps brachii (during elbow extension MVE: 9±4% vs. 9±6%) and triceps brachii muscles (during elbow flexion MVE: 9±6% vs. 12±6%) were not different between groups. Open and closed symbols indicate individual and mean values, respectively.</p

Example data.

<p>Example data of the EMGs of the biceps brachii (top row) and the triceps brachii (bottom row) during MVE tasks of elbow flexion (A) and elbow extension (B), and during maximal voluntary co-contraction task (C) for each of the bodybuilders and nonathletes.</p

Muscular activation level during maximal voluntary co-contraction.

<p>Muscular activation level (% EMG_MVE) during maximal voluntary co-contraction in bodybuilders (circle) and nonathletes (square). The % EMG_MVE values for both biceps brachii (bodybuilders: 66±14% vs. nonathletes: 46±13%) and triceps brachii muscles (74±16% vs. 57±9%) were significantly higher in bodybuilders than in nonathletes. Open and closed symbols indicate individual and mean values, respectively.</p

Additional file 3 of Comparison of properties determined using electromechanical assessment (Arthro-BST™) with macroscopic and histological properties in symptomatic human articular cartilage of the hip

Additional file 3. Individual scoring data of the OARSI histopathological system

Additional file 2 of Comparison of properties determined using electromechanical assessment (Arthro-BST™) with macroscopic and histological properties in symptomatic human articular cartilage of the hip

Additional file 2. Individual scoring data of the modified Mankin score

Additional file 1 of Comparison of properties determined using electromechanical assessment (Arthro-BST™) with macroscopic and histological properties in symptomatic human articular cartilage of the hip

Additional file 1. Individual scoring data of the ICRS classification

Microalgal Polyphosphate Drives One-Pot Complete Enzymatic Generation of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide from Adenosine and Riboflavin

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a universal cellular cofactor involved in biological redox and radical metabolism reactions. FAD biosynthesis from riboflavin typically proceeds through two ATP-dependent enzymatic reactions, with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as the intermediate. Traditional in vivo methods employ microorganisms for FAD synthesis at an industrial scale; however, these approaches often suffer from complex purification processes. Considering the atomic economy and percentage yield, in vitro enzymatic FAD synthesis using enzymes could be a more efficient and sustainable alternative. While catalytically efficient, the requirements of expensive ATP (substrate) limit the industrialization of enzymatic FAD synthesis. To overcome the ATP requirements, here we develop a two-enzyme cascade for ATP regeneration from adenosine using wastewater microalgal polyphosphate as the P-donor. With the ATP regeneration system, the bifunctional riboflavin kinase/FAD synthetase and pyrophosphatase completely convert saturated riboflavin into FAD within 2 h with a titer of ∼1.2 g/L (1.5 mmol/L). Notably, orthophosphate, the only byproduct of this enzymatic process, can be recycled to synthesize polyphosphate by wastewater microalgae, which can then be fed back into the system as the P-donor in the ATP regeneration step, resulting in a FAD synthesis process with almost net-zero waste generation

Development of a Practical and Scalable Synthesis of a Potent p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor

Process research and development of a practical and scalable synthetic method toward a potent inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 is described. The medicinal chemistry synthetic method had several issues in scale-up synthesis. In contrast, the synthetic method described here does not require purification by column chromatography for all steps, and the formation of impurities is suppressed well. Aminopyrazole ring formation was achieved by reaction between a new chiral amine building block 7 and bromoketone unit 4 as a key reaction. This highly efficient and scalable process was successfully demonstrated in the large-scale synthesis of 1·HBr