How to Factor N_1 and N_2 When p_1=p_2 mod 2^t

Let $N_1=p_1q_1$ and $N_2=p_2q_2$ be two different RSA moduli. Suppose that $p_1=p_2 \bmod 2^t$ for some $t$, and $q_1$ and $q_2$ are $\alpha$ bit primes. Then May and Ritzenhofen showed that $N_1$ and $N_2$ can be factored in quadratic time if $$t \geq 2\alpha+3.$$ In this paper, we improve this lower bound on $t$. Namely we prove that $N_1$ and $N_2$ can be factored in quadratic time if $$t \geq 2\alpha+1.$$ Further our simulation result shows that our bound is tight

歯の機械的刺激による神経興奮を放射断層撮影法を用いて検討した予備研究

Dentists often cannot objectively find abnormalities in patients who complain of discomfort or abnormal sensation in their dental occlusion. We hypothesized that abnormal neural transmission from the tooth is related to this occlusal discomfort sensation. Chronic tooth contact habits may induce neural excitation from the tooth to the central nervous system, and may aggravate the sensation of discomfort in the central nervous system. However, the details of neural transmission from the tooth to the central nervous system are still unclear. In this study, we stimulated a rat premolar mechanically and observed activated bran sites using positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). We anesthetized 5-7-week-old male rats using isoflurane inhalation anesthesia and stimulated the upper right premolar mechanically with an electric von Frey system (Model 1601C, IITC Instruments) by measuring mechanical pressure. Before the tooth mechanical stimulation, we injected FDG through the rat’s caudal vein and then used a stimulation intensity of 100, 200 or 300 g. We recorded FDG accumulation with PET. The PET brain images were separated into four parts (right higher, left higher, right lower and left lower) for analysis and the peak value of striatal uptake (SUV) in each part was analyzed. The PET images showed that the accumulated FDG in the right lower part of the brain was higher with 300 g tooth stimulation than with 100 or 200 g. The data showed that the tooth stimulation site in the lower part of the brain was activated with tooth stimulation by comparing it with the other parts. We also measured SUV in the right and left sensory areas, motor area, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglia (TG) and spinal cord. The TG and sensory area showed more FDG accumulation compared with mouth opening.咬合違和感を訴えて来院した患者に対して，歯科医師は咬合状態に客観的な異常を見つけることができないこともよくある．我々は歯からの神経伝達が咬合違和感と何らかの関連をしているのではないかと仮説を立てて研究を行っている．慢性的な歯への刺激が歯から中枢における神経興奮に関連しており，中枢での咬合違和感を悪化させるのかもしれないと考えられる．しかしながら，歯から中枢への神経伝達の詳細は不明である．この研究ではラットの小臼歯を機械的に刺激して，脳の活動部位を18F-2-フルオロ-2-デオキシ-D-グルコース （FDG）を用いて放射断層撮影法（PET）により計測した．5〜7 週齢のラットをイソフルレンを用いて全身麻酔し，電気的フォンフレイ刺激装置を用いて刺激圧を計測しながら上顎右側小臼歯を刺激した．歯の刺激前にFDG を尾静脈から注射し，100，200，300g の刺激力を用いて刺激した． 脳PET 画像は脳を4 分割（右上，左上，右下，左下）して，ピーク値を計測したところ，右下部においては300g の刺激力は100，200g よりもFDG の集積が観察された．この結果は歯の刺激により脳の右下部位が活動することを示していると考えられる．また，知覚部位，運動部位，海馬，三叉神経節，脊髄に分類して観察したところ，三叉神経節と知覚部位においてFDG の集積が観察された

Conformational Analysis and Organocatalytic Activity of Helical Stapled Peptides Containing α-Carbocyclic α,α-Disubstituted α-Amino Acids

Conformational freedom-restricted peptides, such as stapled peptides, play a crucial role in the advancement of functional peptide development. We synthesized stapled octapeptides using α-carbocyclic α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids, particularly 3-allyloxy-1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid, as the crosslink motifs. The organocatalytic capabilities of the synthesized stapled peptides were assessed in an asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation reaction because the catalytic activities are known to be proportional to α-helicity. Despite incorporating side-chain crosslinks, the enantioselectivities of the epoxidation reaction catalyzed by stapled octapeptides were found to be comparable to those obtained using unstapled peptides. Interestingly, the stapled peptides using α-carbocyclic α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids demonstrated higher reactivities and stereoselectivities (up to 99% ee) compared to stapled peptides derived from (S)-α-(4-pentenyl)alanine, a commonly used motif for stapled peptides. These differences could be attributed to the increased α-helicity of the former stapled peptide in contrast to the latter, as evidenced by the X-ray crystallographic structures of their N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives.Molecules, 29(18), art. no. 4340; 2024journal articl

A NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Study of the Two Most Actively Star-forming Green Pea Galaxies (SDSS J0749+3337 and SDSS J0822+2241)

We explore X-ray evidence for the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the two most actively star-forming Green Pea galaxies (GPs), SDSS J0749+3337 and SDSS J0822+2241, which have star-formation rates (SFRs) of $123~M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and $78~M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, respectively. The GPs have red mid-infrared (MIR) spectral energy distributions and higher 22 $\mu$m luminosities than expected from a proxy of the SFR (H$\alpha$ luminosity), consistent with hosting AGNs with 2-10 keV luminosities of $\sim10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We thus obtain and analyze the first hard ($>$ 10 keV) X-ray data observed with NuSTAR and archival XMM-Newton data below 10 keV. From the NuSTAR $\approx$20 ksec data, however, we find no significant hard X-ray emission. By contrast, soft X-ray emission with 0.5--8 keV luminosities of $\approx10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$ is significantly detected in both targets, which can be explained only by star formation (SF). A possible reason for the lack of clear evidence is that a putative AGN torus absorbs most of the X-ray emission. Applying a smooth-density AGN torus model, we determine minimum hydrogen column densities along the equatorial plane ($N_{\rm H}^{\rm eq}$) consistent with the non-detection. The results indicate $N_{\rm H}^{\rm eq} \gtrsim 2\times10^{24}$ cm$^{-2}$ for SDSS J0749+3337 and $N_{\rm H}^{\rm eq} \gtrsim 5\times10^{24}$ cm$^{-2}$ for SDSS J0822+2241. Therefore, the GPs may host such heavily obscured AGNs. Otherwise, no AGN exists and the MIR emission is ascribed to SF. Active SF in low-mass galaxies is indeed suggested to reproduce red MIR colors. This would imply that diagnostics based on MIR photometry data alone may misidentify such galaxies as AGNs.Comment: 12 pages, 3 tables, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Mechanical stability of orthodontic miniscrew depends on a thread shape

Background/purpose: Primary stability of orthodontic miniscrew system is of great importance in maintaining stable anchorage during a treatment period. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether the thread shape of orthodontic miniscrew had an effect on its mechanical stability in bone. Materials and methods: Three different types of miniscrews (type A and B with a regular thread shape; type C with a novel thread shape) were placed in artificial bone block with different artificial cortical bone thickness of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mm. Values of maximum insertion torque (MIT), removal torque (RT), torque ratio (TR), screw mobility, static stiffness (K), dynamic stiffness (K∗) and energy dissipation (tan δ) ability were assessed for each miniscrew system. Results: The MIT, RT, TR and K of type C miniscrew were significantly greater than those of type A and B miniscrews when the miniscrews were placed in the thinner artificial bone. Furthermore, the TR value of type C miniscrew was more than 1, indicating the MRT value was larger than the MIT value in the novel miniscrew. The values of K∗ and tan δ were almost similar among the three types of miniscrews. Conclusion: The miniscrew with a novel thread shape showed a higher initial stability compared to those with a regular thread shape. Thus, in order to obtain a sufficient initial stability, it is important to select the type of screw thread that is appropriate for the thickness of the cortical bone

Harnessing Deep Learning to Analyze Cryptic Morphological Variability of Marchantia polymorpha

Characterizing phenotypes is a fundamental aspect of biological sciences, although it can be challenging due to various factors. For instance, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is a model system for plant biology and exhibits morphological variability, making it difficult to identify and quantify distinct phenotypic features using objective measures. To address this issue, we utilized a deep-learning-based image classifier that can handle plant images directly without manual extraction of phenotypic features and analyzed pictures of M. polymorpha. This dioicous plant species exhibits morphological differences between male and female wild accessions at an early stage of gemmaling growth, although it remains elusive whether the differences are attributable to sex chromosomes. To isolate the effects of sex chromosomes from autosomal polymorphisms, we established a male and female set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a set of male and female wild accessions. We then trained deep learning models to classify the sexes of the RILs and the wild accessions. Our results showed that the trained classifiers accurately classified male and female gemmalings of wild accessions in the first week of growth, confirming the intuition of researchers in a reproducible and objective manner. In contrast, the RILs were less distinguishable, indicating that the differences between the parental wild accessions arose from autosomal variations. Furthermore, we validated our trained models by an ‘eXplainable AI’ technique that highlights image regions relevant to the classification. Our findings demonstrate that the classifier-based approach provides a powerful tool for analyzing plant species that lack standardized phenotyping metrics

Circulatory C-type natriuretic peptide reduces mucopolysaccharidosis-associated craniofacial hypoplasia in vivo

Skeletal alterations in the head and neck region, such as midfacial hypoplasia, foramen magnum stenosis and spinal canal stenosis, are commonly observed in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). However, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), one of the major treatment approaches for MPS, shows limited efficacy for skeletal conditions. In this study, we analysed the craniofacial morphology of mice with MPS type VII, and investigated the underlying mechanisms promoting jaw deformities in these animals. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a potent endochondral ossification promoter, on growth impairment of the craniofacial region in MPS VII mice when administered alone or in combination with ERT. MPS VII mice exhibited midfacial hypoplasia caused by impaired endochondral ossification, and histological analysis revealed increased number of swelling cells in the resting zone of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS), an important growth centre for craniomaxillofacial skeletogenesis. We crossed MPS VII mice with transgenic mice in which CNP was expressed in the liver under the control of the human serum amyloid-P component promoter, resulting in elevated levels of circulatory CNP. The maxillofacial morphological abnormalities associated with MPS VII were ameliorated by CNP expression, and further prevented by a combination of CNP and ERT. Histological analysis showed that ERT decreased the swelling cell number, and CNP treatment increased the width of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the SOS. Furthermore, the foramen magnum and spinal stenoses observed in MPS VII mice were significantly alleviated by CNP and ERT combination. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CNP, which can be used to enhance ERT outcome for MPS VII-associated head and neck abnormalities

Evidence for Spin–Orbit Alignment in the TRAPPIST-1 System

In an effort to measure the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect for the TRAPPIST-1 system, we performed high-resolution spectroscopy during transits of planets e, f, and b. The spectra were obtained with the InfraRed Doppler spectrograph on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope, and were supplemented with simultaneous photometry obtained with a 1 m telescope of the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope. By analyzing the anomalous radial velocities, we found the projected stellar obliquity to be λ = 1 ± 28° under the assumption that the three planets have coplanar orbits, although we caution that the radial-velocity data show correlated noise of unknown origin. We also sought evidence for the expected deformations of the stellar absorption lines, and thereby detected the "Doppler shadow" of planet b with a false-alarm probability of 1.7%. The joint analysis of the observed residual cross-correlation map including the three transits gave λ = 19_(-15)^(+13)°. These results indicate that the the TRAPPIST-1 star is not strongly misaligned with the common orbital plane of the planets, although further observations are encouraged to verify this conclusion