Flexible Sheet-Type Sensor for Noninvasive Measurement of Cellular Oxygen Metabolism on a Culture Dish - Fig 6

<p>(a) Bright-field image of rat hippocampus slice. Scale bar: 500 μm. (b) Oxygen concentration rate mapping of rat hippocampus slice indicated with blue box in a. (c) Oxygen concentration rate mapping indicated with yellow box in a. CA1 and CA3 are pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and DG is the dentate gyrus. Broken lines show neuronal cell bodies. This result indicates that the oxygen consumption rate of DG is higher than those of CA3 and CA1, and the oxygen consumption rate around neuronal cell bodies is higher than in the molecular layers. Scale bar: 200 μm.</p

Schematic diagram of flexible sensor sheet.

<p>During the measurement, the device is attached to the bottom of the culture dish to form a temporarily closed microspace around the target cells, hence enabling the short-time evaluation of oxygen consumption rate. The device comprises a transparent EVOH/PDMS sheet and an array of microchamber structures (φ 90 μm, 50 μm depth) that contain a 1-μm-thick sensing layer at their bottom.</p

Schematic of immunoelectrophoresis of EVs on μCE chip.

<p>Because antibody binding increases the number of positive charges on the EV surface, the immunoreactivity of individual EVs is reflected in their electrophoretic mobility, and hence, their zeta potential. To suppress nonspecific adsorption and electroosmotic flow, the inner surface of the microchannel was coated with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer.</p

Zeta potential distribution of EVs collected from the pooled plasma sample of 10 orthotopic mouse models of breast cancer measured by on-chip immunoelectrophoresis using normal mouse IgG (a), mouse anti-human CD63 antibody (b), and mouse anti-human CD44 antibody (c).

<p>The zeta potentials of EVs with the anti-hCD63 antibody and with the anti-hCD44 antibody were statistically different from that with normal-IgG (p<0.05, respectively, the Steel-Dwass test). CD63 is a marker protein of exosomes and microvesicles. CD44 is used as a marker of MDA-MB-231 cell origin. Normal IgG was used as an isotype control to estimate the nonspecific binding of antibodies. The number of measured vesicles is 100 for each distribution.</p

Zeta potential of EVs collected from culture medium of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and evaluated without any antibodies (a) and after treatment with normal mouse IgG (b) and anti-hCD63 antibody (c).

<p>The zeta potential of EVs with the anti-hCD63 antibody was statistically different from that without any antibodies and with normal-IgG (p<0.05, respectively, the Steel-Dwass test). CD63 is a marker protein of exosomes and microvesicles. The number of measured vesicles is 100 for each distribution.</p

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Adhesion of Additive Molecules in Paint Materials toward Enhancement of Anticorrosion Performance

Adsorption energies of additive molecules in paint materials on the iron oxide substrate are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to find the key feature of adhesion, which is one of the indispensable elements for the corrosion resistance of coated materials. Both edge-on and face-on adsorptions are observed for most additive molecules such as phenylsuccinic acid and benzoic acid. On the other hand, only the edge-on adsorption is observed for the specific molecule having a benzothiazole ring due to the effect of steric conformation. The largest adsorption energy per functional group is observed for two nitrogen atoms in the thiazole ring and amino group, which influences the relationship between face-on and edge-on adsorption energies. Moreover, a correlation analysis using RDKit descriptors is performed to discuss the dominant factor for the adsorption energy of additive molecules. The descriptor for the magnitude of partial charge relative to the molecular surface area and the one for the topological polar surface area have the largest correlation with the adsorption energy of the target molecules. It is significant in this study to extract key factors that contribute to molecular adhesion through MD simulations in combination with correlation analysis using RDKit descriptors. This study is a good example of the computer-assisted design of new paint materials

Comparison of size scaling of signal intensity in surface marker detection between fluorescence flow cytometry and on-chip immunoelectrophoresis.

<p>Schematic illustration of scaling effect on particle-antibody complexes (upper figure). Relationship between signal intensity and size of bioparticles (lower figure).</p

Size distribution of EVs collected from cell culture supernatant of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and evaluated using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) system.

<p>Size distribution of EVs collected from cell culture supernatant of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and evaluated using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) system.</p

Concept of tethering nanoarray platform for individual EV study.

(A) Schematic of tethering nanoarray chip. (B) Concept of analysis platform using a tethering nanoarray chip and a microfluidic device. The nanoarray chip can be detached from the microfluidic device for EV analysis.</p

The immobilization of single EVs on the nanoarray chip.

(A) and (B) AFM images of the nanoarray chip surface with tethered EVs and three-dimensional AFM images of an EV immobilized on a PEG-lipid modified nanospot. The EVs were (A) derived from Sk-Br-3 cells and purified by ultracentrifugation followed by density gradient fractionation; (B) derived from HEK293 cells and purified by ultracentrifugation. (C) Schematic showing dimensions of the EVs upon absorption. The diameter of the adsorbed EVs (d) is the mean the major and minor radii measured using AFM. Assuming no volume change by adsorption, the diameter of the corresponding EVs in the suspension (D) is estimated from d and h. (D) Relationship between the AR and d of EVs tethered on the nanospots. The curves (AR ~ d−3) were fitted using least square methods. Distribution of D of EVs derived from (E) Sk-Br-3 cells, (F) HEK293 cells.</p