Comparisons in demographic characteristics and comorbidities between cohorts with and without hepatitis C infection.

<p>ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.</p

Incidences of stroke and Cox model measured hazard ratios of stroke associated with hepatitis C infection, demographic factors and comorbidities.

a<p>Per 1000 person-years.</p><p>ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p

Multivariable Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for stroke.

<p>ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p

Basic characteristics of study population of reference and epilepsy cohort.

<p>Basic characteristics of study population of reference and epilepsy cohort.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risks of developing psychiatric disorders after epilepsy diagnosis.

a<p>Incidence presented as per 1000 person-years.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, sex, low income, urbanization, asthma, diabetes, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, congenital cardiac abnormalities, pneumonia and gastrointestinal bleeding.</p>c<p>Mental retardation: adult type, aged ≥20 and newly diagnosed after epilepsy.</p>d<p>Included ICD-9-CM 290–319 except for 290–292, 295, 296.4–296.7, 300, 301, 303–305, 306, 307.4, 309 and 317–319.</p><p>ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification.</p

Effect of Intracuff Lidocaine on Postoperative Sore Throat and the Emergence Phenomenon: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

<div><p>Background</p><p>Postoperative sore throat and other airway morbidities are common and troublesome after endotracheal tube intubation general anesthesia (ETGA). We propose lidocaine as endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff inflation media to reduce the postintubation-related emergence phenomenon.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases systematically for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have investigated the outcome of intracuff lidocaine versus air or saline in patients receiving ETGA. Using a random-effects model, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relative risks (RRs) and mean difference (MD) of the incidence and intensity of relevant adverse outcomes.</p><p>Results</p><p>We reviewed nineteen trials, which comprised 1566 patients. The incidence of early- and late-phase postoperative sore throat (POST), coughing, agitation, hoarseness, and dysphonia decreased significantly in lidocaine groups, with RRs of 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31 to 0.68), 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.66), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.62), 0.37 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.55), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.29 to 0.63), and 0.19 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.5), respectively, when compared with the control groups. The severity of POST also reduced significantly (mean difference [MD] -16.43 mm, 95% CI: -21.48 to -11.38) at 1 h and (MD -10.22 mm, 95% CI: -13.5 to -6.94) at 24 h. Both alkalinized and non-alkalinized lidocaine in the subgroup analyses showed significant benefits in emergence phenomena prevention compared with the control.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Our results indicate that both alkalinized and non-alkalinized intracuff lidocaine may prevent and alleviate POST and postintubation-related emergence phenomena.</p></div

Risk of developing psychiatric disorders according to history of medical care for epilepsy.

a<p>Adjusted for age, sex, low income, urban residence, asthma, diabetes, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, congenital cardiac abnormalities, pneumonia and gastrointestinal bleeding.</p><p>CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p

Postoperative mortality and complications associated with hypertension or diabetes mellitus in surgical patients with preoperative regular dialysis.^*

*<p>Adjusted for age, sex, teaching hospital, coexisting disease and type of surgery and anesthesia.</p>†<p>The highest quintile of length of stay during the surgical admission (the patient percentage for each group belonged to the highest quintile of length of stay [≥18 days] of the total patients as percentage of increased length of stay).</p><p>OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit.</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of (A) age epilepsy diagnosed and (B) onset interval developing psychiatric disorders afterward (adjusted for age, sex, low income, urbanization, and coexisting medical conditions).

<p>Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of (A) age epilepsy diagnosed and (B) onset interval developing psychiatric disorders afterward (adjusted for age, sex, low income, urbanization, and coexisting medical conditions).</p

The effect of intracuff lidocaine (alkalinized and non-alkalinized) used on the POST pain score at 1 h.

<p>The effect of intracuff lidocaine (alkalinized and non-alkalinized) used on the POST pain score at 1 h.</p