Mapping ergonomics application to improve SMEs working condition in industrially developing countries: a critical review

In industrially developing countries (IDC), small and medium enterprises (SMEs) account for the highest proprotion of employment. Unfortunately, the working conditions in SMEs are often very poor and expose employees to a potentially wide range of health and safety risks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 161 articles related to ergonomics application in SMEs, using Indonesia as a case study. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent of ergonomics application and identify areas that can be improved to promote effective ergonomics for SMEs in IDC. The most urgent issue found is the need for adopting participatory approach in contrast to the commonly implemented top-down approach. Some good practices in ergonomics application were also revealed from the review, e.g. a multidisciplinary approach, unsophisticated and low-cost solutions, and recognising the importance of productivity. The review also found that more work is still required to achieve appropriate cross-cultural adaptation of ergonomics application. Practitioner Summary: Despite continuous efforts in addressing ergonomics issues in SMEs of IDC, workers are still exposed to poor work conditions. We reviewed factual-based evidence of current ergonomics application to inform future strategies of ergonomics in IDC, using Indonesia as a case study

Spectroscopic Characteristics of Antibacterial Component of Atung (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) Seeds

Relative purity assay on antibacterial components (isolates) of “atung” seeds using HPLC system (linier gradient of water-methanol, detection on UV at 280/254 nm) showed that the isolate-9 had the highest purity (94%), followed by isolate-6 (69%), isolate-7 (66%), and isolate-12 (66%) respectively; while the other isolates only had 50% of purity. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis on the isolate-9, showed that the λmax (in methanol) were at 213 and 269 nm. From IR spectrum of the isolate, no more information can be obtained except the presence of C-H stretching. Furthermore, the MS spectrum showed that the fragment ion series of 44 (100%), 57, 69, 83, 97, 115, maybe predicted as aliphatic amine compounds. Key word : Relative purity, methanol, C-H Stretching, fragment ion series, aliphatic amine compounds

Isolation and Tentative Identification of Volatile Compound of Atung(Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) Seed

The extraction of volatile components from “atung” seed was carried out by Likens Nickerson extraction apparatus with diethyl eter for 90 minutes, then continued with separation, while volatile isolates identification was done by GC-MS (Shimadzu Qp 5000). The data obtained indicated that volatile components of “atung” seed tentatively are as follow: aldehydes is the largest (34%), alkanes (17%), alkenes (11%), alcohols (7%), and ketones (6%). However, most aldehyde groups were predicted as derivative compounds resulted from the decomposition of fats and/or fatty acids due to a high temperature extraction process. Key words : Volatile components, “atung” seeds, Likens Nickerson, GC-MS, aldehydes

Spectroscopic Characteristics of Antibacterial Component of Atung (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) Seeds

Relative purity assay on antibacterial components (isolates) of “atung” seeds using HPLC system (linier gradient of water-methanol, detection on UV at 280/254 nm) showed that the isolate-9 had the highest purity (94%), followed by isolate-6 (69%), isolate-7 (66%), and isolate-12 (66%) respectively; while the other isolates only had 50% of purity. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis on the isolate-9, showed that the λmax (in methanol) were at 213 and 269 nm. From IR spectrum of the isolate, no more information can be obtained except the presence of C-H stretching. Furthermore, the MS spectrum showed that the fragment ion series of 44 (100%), 57, 69, 83, 97, 115, maybe predicted as aliphatic amine compounds. Key word : Relative purity, methanol, C-H Stretching, fragment ion series, aliphatic amine compounds

Kajian Energi Kemoreaksi Kapur Api untuk Pengeringan Benih Cabe Merah

This research was aimed to study the energy potential of quicklime stone chemoreaction for the application to drying process of red chilli seeds. The experiment demonstrated that chemoreaction energy released from wafer reaction with CaO containing lime stone could be used for drying process of chilli seeds at ambient temperature to a very low moisture, varying of 2.5 - 3.7 % wb. The chemoreaction energy released from reaction between lime stone and plane water was 1.06 kJ/g lime stone. At excessive water condition partcle sizes of lime stone did not affect chemoresctton energy. but smstter size psttictes enhanced tile energy release from the reaction. Using three particle sizes of lime stone the energy efficiency for drying of red chilli seeds ranged 54.0 - 64.0 % and for plane water evaporation ranged 57.4 – 71.6 %. The energy effectiveness for chilli seeds drying was 4.7 kJ/g water and for plane water evaporation was 4.1 kJ/g, implying the presence of bound water in the chilli seeds. Diterima: 1 Juni 2006; Disetujui: 21 Maret 200

Prinsip Keruangan Bagi Petani Ladang Tbmbakau Di Lingkungan Desa Kapencar, Lereng Gunung Sindoro, Wonosobo (the Spatial Principal by the Tobacco Farmer at the Kapencar Village, on the Slope of the Sindoro Mountain, Wonosobo)

The Java Architecture typologies dominated by Kraton Architecture (Joglo, Trajumas, Limasan), and the village/ rural architecture (srotongan, panggang- pe). Those are expressed about the roof type, but not explored about the spatial setting aspect that is suitable the social system. Some phenomena's indicated that the spatial setting at the Kapencar Village very specifically, that are suitable with the tobacco farmers activities. By the naturalistic inquiry, the research resulted that the farmer at Kapencar Village divided into three classifications of farmer. Those are the rich farmer/ priyayi farmer, the poor farmer/ farm worker and the craft farmer. Each of them has the uniqueness of spatial setting for both their houses and environment. The uniqueness be applied for the three spatial setting typologies suitable for the classification of farmer. The priority rooms of the priyayi farmer houses are the jogan and loteng/pyan, the priority room of farm craft farmer houses are the jogan, loteng and pyan, and the priority room of the farm worker houses are the pawon as the communal space