Compete or rest? Willingness to compete hurt among adolescent elite athletes

Objective Training and competing despite underlying health problems is a common social practice in sport. Adolescent elite athletes are particularly vulnerable to possible health consequences of this risky behavior due to their very sensitive developmental stage. Conceptualizing this phenomenon of playing hurt as sickness presenteeism, and taking the concept of absence/presence legitimacy into account, this paper analyzes the propensity of adolescent elite athletes to compete in the face of health problems. The central aim is to empirically identify characteristics of elite sport subcultures which affect athletes’ willingness to compete hurt (WCH). Materials & methods Based on a comprehensive sample of 1138 German elite adolescent athletes from all Olympic sports (14–18 years), the paper applies classification tree analysis to analyze the social and individual determinants of the WCH. Results Determinants on three hierarchical levels were identified, including type of sport, perceptions of social pressure, coach's leadership style and athletes' age. The group with the highest WCH were athletes from technical sports who have a coach with an autocratic leadership style. Second was athletes from ball games, and those in aesthetic and weight-dependent sports, aged between 17 and 18 years old. The lowest mean WCH-score, by some distance, occurred amongst the group of endurance and power sports athletes who experienced no direct social pressure to play hurt. Conclusions The findings enhance our understanding of absence/presence legitimacy in highly competitive social contexts and contribute to the development of more effective target-group-specific health prevention programs for young athletes

Triamidoamine Complexes of Chromium(III) and Chromium(IV)

Treatment of [CrCl3(THF)3] with slightly more than 1 equiv of Li3(N3N) [(N3N)3- = ((Me3SiNCH2CH2)3N)3-] affords the triamidoamine complex [Cr(N3N)] (1) in 75% yield. 1 is oxidized by PhICl2, CuCl2, or AgCl to give the chromium(IV) complex [Cr(N3N)Cl] (2) in moderate yields. Alternatively, complex 2 is obtained directly from [CrCl3(THF)3] in 50% yield after treatment with 0.5 equiv of Li3(N3N). Both compounds are high-spin complexes bearing three and two unpaired electrons, respectively. Their molecular structures are described revealing a trigonal monopyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry of the chromium center, respectively

Unusually Stable Chromium(IV) Alkyls Bearing a Triamidoamine Ligand

The chromium(IV) triamidoamine complex [Cr(N3N)Cl] (1; (N3N)3- = ((SiMe3NCH2CH2)3N)3-) reacts with LiR (R = Me, n-Bu) in THF to give selectively the remarkably stable, green chromium(IV) alkyls [Cr(N3N)R] (2, R = Me; 3, R = n-Bu), which have a d2 high-spin electronic configuration and feature, according to 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, pseudo-C3v symmetry in solution. Compounds 2 and 3 are the first methyl and n-butyl complexes of chromium(IV) to be characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography

Unusually Stable Chromium(IV) Alkyls Bearing a Triamidoamine Ligand

The chromium(IV) triamidoamine complex [Cr(N3N)Cl] (1; (N3N)3- = ((SiMe3NCH2CH2)3N)3-) reacts with LiR (R = Me, n-Bu) in THF to give selectively the remarkably stable, green chromium(IV) alkyls [Cr(N3N)R] (2, R = Me; 3, R = n-Bu), which have a d2 high-spin electronic configuration and feature, according to 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, pseudo-C3v symmetry in solution. Compounds 2 and 3 are the first methyl and n-butyl complexes of chromium(IV) to be characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography

Additional file 2: of Neighborhood characteristics as determinants of healthcare utilization – a theoretical model

Overview of literature of social neighborhood environmental characteristics in relation to mediators, health outcomes and healthcare utilization. (DOCX 27 kb

Additional file 1: of Neighborhood characteristics as determinants of healthcare utilization – a theoretical model

Overview of literature on physical neighborhood environmental characteristics in relation to mediators, health outcomes and healthcare utilization. (DOCX 31 kb

Growth of Highly Oriented Chalcocite Thin Films on Glass by Aerosol-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis Using a New <i>S</i><i>ingle-Source </i>Copper Thiolate Precursor

Growth of Highly Oriented Chalcocite Thin Films on Glass by Aerosol-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis Using a New Single-Source Copper Thiolate Precurso

Growth of Highly Oriented Chalcocite Thin Films on Glass by Aerosol-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis Using a New <i>S</i><i>ingle-Source </i>Copper Thiolate Precursor

Growth of Highly Oriented Chalcocite Thin Films on Glass by Aerosol-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis Using a New Single-Source Copper Thiolate Precurso

[Na(THF)₂Cr(N₃N)]: The First Trigonal Monopyramidal Chromium(II) Complex

Reduction of [Cr(N3N)] (1) {(N3N)3- = ((SiMe3NCH2CH2)3N)3-} with sodium powder in THF affords the yellow, extremely air-sensitive amidochromate(II) [Na(THF)2Cr(N3N)] (2) in good yield. Complex 2 has an effective magnetic moment of 5.1 μB indicative of a d4 high-spin electronic configuration. 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution and single-crystal X-ray crystallography show that compound 2 is composed of idealized Cs symmetric contact ion pairs, in which trigonal-monopyramidal [CrII(N3N)]- anions are linked to the [Na(THF)2]+ countercations by two bridging amide ligands. DFT calculations of 1, 2, and the anion [Cr(N3N)]- at the RI-BP86/TZVPP level of theory provide in combination with extended Hückel calculations a rationale for the observed structural changes from 1 to 2

[Na(THF)₂Cr(N₃N)]: The First Trigonal Monopyramidal Chromium(II) Complex

Reduction of [Cr(N3N)] (1) {(N3N)3- = ((SiMe3NCH2CH2)3N)3-} with sodium powder in THF affords the yellow, extremely air-sensitive amidochromate(II) [Na(THF)2Cr(N3N)] (2) in good yield. Complex 2 has an effective magnetic moment of 5.1 μB indicative of a d4 high-spin electronic configuration. 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution and single-crystal X-ray crystallography show that compound 2 is composed of idealized Cs symmetric contact ion pairs, in which trigonal-monopyramidal [CrII(N3N)]- anions are linked to the [Na(THF)2]+ countercations by two bridging amide ligands. DFT calculations of 1, 2, and the anion [Cr(N3N)]- at the RI-BP86/TZVPP level of theory provide in combination with extended Hückel calculations a rationale for the observed structural changes from 1 to 2