Relative risks of death from any cause according to BMI and age at enrollment among men and women who are never smokers without prevalent disease, CPS-II 1982–2010.

a<p>Rate per 100,000 standardized to the age-distribution of the CPS-II men/women.</p>b<p>Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, race, education, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, aspirin use, fat consumption, vegetable consumption, and postmenopausal estrogen use (women)</p><p>Relative risks of death from any cause according to BMI and age at enrollment among men and women who are never smokers without prevalent disease, CPS-II 1982–2010.</p

Rates and relative risks of death from any cause among men according to BMI, smoking, prevalent disease status and race, CPS-II 1982-2010.

a<p>One or more of the following conditions was reported at study entry: prevalent cancer (except non melanoma skin), heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma), currently sick, or weight loss of ≥10 lbs. in past year.</p>b<p>Rate per 100,000 standardized to the age-distribution of the CPS-II men.</p>c<p>Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, race, education, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, aspirin use, fat consumption, and vegetable consumption</p>d<p>None of the conditions listed in footnote(a) were reported.</p><p>Rates and relative risks of death from any cause among men according to BMI, smoking, prevalent disease status and race, CPS-II 1982-2010.</p

Relative risks of death from any cause among women according to BMI, smoking, prevalent disease status and race, CPS-II 1982–2010.

a<p>One or more of the following conditions was reported at study entry: prevalent cancer (except non melanoma skin), heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma), currently sick, or weight loss of ≥10 lbs. in past year.</p>b<p>Rate per 100,000 standardized to the age-distribution of the CPS-II women.</p>c<p>Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, race, education, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, aspirin use, fat consumption, vegetable consumption, and postmenopausal estrogen use</p>d<p>None of the conditions listed in footnote(a) were reported.</p><p>Relative risks of death from any cause among women according to BMI, smoking, prevalent disease status and race, CPS-II 1982–2010.</p

Relative risk of death from cardiovascular, cancer, or other causes according to BMI among men and women who are never smokers without prevalent disease, CPS-II 1982–2010.

a<p>Rate per 100,000 standardized to the age-distribution of the CPS-II men/women.</p>b<p>Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, race, education, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, aspirin use, fat consumption, vegetable consumption, and postmenopausal estrogen use (women).</p><p>Relative risk of death from cardiovascular, cancer, or other causes according to BMI among men and women who are never smokers without prevalent disease, CPS-II 1982–2010.</p

Intakes of caffeine, coffee and tea and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Results from five cohort studies

<div><p>Caffeine is thought to be neuroprotective by antagonizing the adenosine A_2A receptors in the brain and thereby protecting motor neurons from excitotoxicity. We examined the association between consumption of caffeine, coffee and tea and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).</p><p>Longitudinal analyses based on over 1,010,000 males and females in five large cohort studies (the Nurses’ Health Study, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, the Multiethnic Cohort Study, and the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study). Cohort-specific multivariable-adjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimates of ALS incidence or death were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression and pooled using random-effects models. Results showed that a total of 1279 cases of ALS were documented during a mean of 18 years of follow-up. Caffeine intake was not associated with ALS risk; the pooled multivariable-adjusted RR comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of intake was 0.96 (95% CI 0.81–1.16). Similarly, neither coffee nor tea was associated with ALS risk. In conclusion, the results of this large study do not support associations of caffeine or caffeinated beverages with ALS risk.</p></div

Leisure time physical activity and multivariable hazard ratio of mortality, stratified by cohort.

<p>HRs (95% CIs) were calculated in models that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current).</p>a<p>Meta-analysis estimates were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-DerSimonian1" target="_blank">[29]</a>, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed by the <i>I</i>² statistic <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Higgins1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p><p>AARP, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study; ref, reference; USRT, U.S. Radiologic Technologists cohort; WHS, Women's Health Study; WLH, Women's Lifestyle and Health study.</p

Prevalence of demographic and lifestyle characteristics according to physical activity level.

<p>Prevalence of demographic and lifestyle characteristics according to physical activity level.</p

Leisure time physical activity and multivariable hazard ratio of mortality and years of life gained after age 40 according to smoking and co-morbidity status.

<p>HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current). If a covariate was a stratification variable for a particular model, then it was excluded from multivariable adjustment. Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+ y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p>a<p>Years of life expectancy gained after age 60. Cancer and/or heart disease were uncommon prior to this age in our dataset.</p>b<p>Participants who had never smoked and who had no history of heart disease or cancer.</p

Leisure time physical activity and hazard ratio of mortality and years of life gained after age 40.

<p>Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p>a<p>HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current).</p

Selected characteristics according to prospective cohort study.

a<p>History of cancer and/or heart disease.</p><p>IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.</p